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REPORT 



OF THE 



WISCONSIN STATE COUNCIL 
OF DEFENSE 



April 12. 1917— June 30, 1919. 



PubliBhed by 

Wisconsin State Council of Defense 

Madison, Wisconsin 



> MM ' 



REPORT 

OF THE 

WISCONSIN STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 

Covering the Period 

April 12, 1917— June 30, 1919 



'^. of fi. 



Honorable E. L. Philipp, 

Governor of Wisconsin, 
State Capitol, Madison. 

Sir: 

We have the honor to transmit herewith a report of the activ- 
ities and the finances of the Wisconsin State Council of Defense 
from April 12, 1917, the date of the passage of the law authoriz- 
ing the appointment of the Council, to June 30, 1919. 

Respectfully submitted, 

W. S. Heddles, Chm. 
J. S. Evans, 
J. G. D. Mack, 
J. M. Reese, 

Executive Committee. 
Henry A. Burd, 

Executive Secretary. 



FOREWORD 

This is not a history of Wisconsin in the World War. It is 
a record simply and concisely presented of the State Council of 
Defense — its organization, method of procedure, and principal 
activities. Source material for the future historian of Wiscon- 
sin's part in the Great War will be found here, as well as nu- 
merous suggestions which, followed out, would open up vast 
stores of information for his use. 

Neither is this an exhaustive account of any single activity 
connected, directly or indirectly, with the war. It is only an 
outline, a mere sketch of the general field. The specific work, 
the detailed accomplishments, of the seventy-one County Coun- 
cils of Defense could not be included. These bodies received 
their legal status through the State Council, and suggestions 
and general directions Avere given by the parent body, but it 
is to the resourcefulness and energy of the individuals in the 
County Councils of Defense, of the officers and members, that 
full credit must be given for the magnifieent record made by 
Wisconsin in non-combatant military activities. Their records, 
as well as those of the State Council, have been carefully pre- 
served and should some day form the basis of the permanent and 
official Historj' of Wisconsin in the War. 

Nor is this an account of the accomplishments of individuals. 
To include only the names of state chairmen in the reports of 
the various committees and thus imply that they brought about 
the results accomplished would be manifestly unfair to the 
thousands of men and women throughout the state whose 
patriotic and self-sacrificing voluntary service alone made pos- 
sible whatever was done. Furthermore, there was no self-seek- 
ing. All labored toward the common end of strengthening 
Wisconsin and the Nation to win the decisive victory which 
came to Allied arms. A list of all the individuals serving in 
this "home army" would be virtually a roll call of the popula- 
tion of Wisconsin. No individual called upon for service, no 
matter how menial the task or how insignificant the station, 
ever failed to respond with full measure of devotion. To at- 
tempt to name them all is manifestly impossible. 

The "Directory'' of state and county chairmen of the various 
war bodies in Wisconsin is included primarily as a reference 
list, secondarily to exhibit the interrelations of the Council of 

4 



Defense System with all other war bodies. Because of promis- 
cuous and indiscriminate use, the word "cooperation" has fallen 
somewhat into disrepute during the war. Even a casual per- 
usal of this Report and of the names in the Directory will, in 
the light of Wisconsin's record, demonstrate conclusively that 
real cooperation in this state was not a name merely but a fact. 
The story herein briefly suggested is one of humble service, 
of willing and generous sacrifice. These were they who w^ore 
the garb of plain citizenship, who served their country in her 
hour of need by purchasing government bonds, by producing 
and conserving food, fuel, and the other implements of modern 
warfare, by educating the people in the righteousness and the 
justice of America's cause, by organizing the "home army" 
whose moral and material contribution played a not inconse- 
quential part in the winning of the war. 

But w^hatever service is here represented, whatever sacrifice 
is here delineated was made necessary and rendered useful only 
by the greater service and the nobler sacrifice of those thou- 
sands of Wisconsin 's sons and daughters who served as soldiers, 
sailors, marines, and nurses. Those who served in camp, in 
hospital, in the trenches, or on the sea ; those whose bodies 
blocked the advance of selfish tyranny ; those whose souls were 
seared by the fire of battle ; those who gave their lives for a 
great cause and now sleep in foreign fields — to each and all of 
them w^as dedicated and is dedicated the humble labor of us 
at home. 

W. S. Heddles, Chm. 
J. S. Evans, 
J. G. D. Mack, 
J. M. Reese, 

Executive Committee. 
Henry A. Burd, 

Executive Secretary. 



ARRANGEMENT OF MATERIAL 

I. Chronology 

II. Organization 

A. Members 

B. Officers 

C. Changes in members and officers 

D. County and Community Councils 

E. Committees 

III. Method of Operation 

IV. Major Council Activities 

A. Agriculture 

B. Confidential Work 

C. Cooperation with Federal Organizations 

D. County and Community Councils 

E. Fund for Minnesota Fire Sufferers 

F. War History 

G. Labor 

H. Legal Aid 
I. Liberty Music 
J. Medical Preparedness 
K. Non-War Construction 
L. Publicity 
M. Recruiting 
N. Soldier Pal 
0. Speakers 
P. Women's Organizations 

V. Miscellaneous Council Activities 

VI. Financial Statements 

A. Under Chapter 82, Laws of 1917 

B. Under Chapter 356, Laws of 1917 

C. Under Chapter 561, Laws of 1917 

VII. Directory 

A. Personnel of State Council of Defense Committees 

B. Executive Officers of County Councils of Defense 

C. Chairmen of County Woman's Committees 

D. County Explosives Directors 

E. Comity Food Administrators 

F. County Fuel Administrators 

G. County War Savings Directors 

6 



I. CHRONOLOGY 

Upon recommendation of Governor E. L. Philipp, the Wis- 
consin State Legislature on April 12, 1917, passed a bill which 
became Chapter 82, Laws of 1917, establishing a State Council 
of Defense, the first in the nation to be created by legislative act 
following the declaration of war. The law specified the func- 
tion of the Council to be, "to assist the Governor in doing all 
things necessary to bring about the highest effectiveness within 
the state in the crisis now existing and to coordinate all our 
efforts with those of the Federal Government and with those 
of other states." Within a week the Council was organized 
and in operation. Rooms were assigned it on the fourth floor 
of the Capitol, and the weekly meetings of the Council were 
held in the Governor's Reception Room. Before a month had 
passed the work of the Council had grown to such an extent 
that the offices were moved to the third floor of the west wing 
of the Capitol, where, at the time of the signing of the armis- 
tice, eleven rooms were occupied. Meetings of the Council and 
of the Agricultural Committee were held weekly in the Judi- 
ciary room. 

When the U. S. Food Administration was authorized by act 
of Congress in September, 1917, the Chairman of the State 
Council of Defense was made the Federal Food Administrator 
for Wisconsin, and the two ofifices were conducted jointly. The 
work grew very rapidly, and in the spring of 1918 it was seen 
that a division was advisable. Accordingly on the 13tli of 
May the offices of the Food Administration were removed to 
the south wing of the Capitol. 

Not long thereafter the Non-War Construction Committee 
was organized and met in daily session until the armistice. 

With the signing of the armistice on November 11, a studied 
reduction in the working force and the expenses of the Council 
was inaugurated. On November 15 the following telegram was 
sent by Chairman Heddles to President Wilson and to Secretary 
Baker as Chairman of the Council of National Defense : 

"The Wisconsin State Council of Defense was 
created by Act of the Legislature April twelve, nine- 
teen seventeen as an advisory body to the Governor to 
carry out the recommendations of the Council of Na- 
tional Defense and to cooperate with other State Coun- 
cils in the war program. 

7 



"The law specifies that 'all departments, bureaus, 
boards, commissions, and institutions receiving public 
funds, or officers of state or of any county or munici- 
pality therein and all citizens shall cooperate with and 
give all such reasonable aid to the Council as may be 
required by it. ' 

"The State Council of Defense with headquarters in 
Madison has had close and wholehearted cooperation 
from the legislature and its communities, all depart- 
ments of the state government, the University, College 
of Agriculture, normal schools, public schools, and 
state organizations of labor, farmers, merchants, and 
professional men. No other body could possibly have 
been so universally favored with counsel, moral sup- 
port, and active assistance of so many able men and 
thoroughly equipped organizations. All are ready to 
continue during the period of reconstruction. 

"State Committees of the Council covering every 
branch of war and reconstruction work embrace rep- 
resentatives of all state departments and institutions. 

"Early in the war a Council of Defense was organ- 
ized in each of the seventy-one counties of the state 
with committees of men and women. There were later 
developed local or community councils with their 
committees of men and women. Our organization now 
comprises the State Council, seventy-one County Coun- 
cils, upwards of twenty-five hundred Community Coun- 
cils, all with their committees and sub-committees, to- 
gether an army of more than fifteen thousand active, 
voluntary workers. 

''Forward, the official bi-weekly publication of the 
State Council carries a record of Wisconsin's war 
activities and the recommendations of the National 
Council to fourteen thousand Council workers in the 
state, reaching thereby several times that number of 
individuals. 

"Through this Council of Defense system or by its 
aid were developed all the federal agencies which have 
operated in the state during the war ; the food adminis- 
tration, fuel administration, explosives regulation, lib- 
erty loan, war saving stamps, Red Cross, united war 
fund, and private volimteer organizations have secured 
their county chairmen and local committees on recom- 
mendation or from the membership of the County 

8 



Councils. Many Connty Conneils as such have handled 
all activities. 

"These thousands of men and women giving their 
time and energy voluntarily to Council of Defense 
work would not be available for other services at any 
salary that could be paid. They comprise the pick of 
the state's men and women, the best and most promi- 
nent in every activity. No worthy organization of any 
type could be established on a state-wide basis without 
drawing heavily on the Council of Defense w^orkers. 
No organization could be formed in less than two 
years' time which would begin to compare with the 
Council of Defense system in varied ability, number 
of capable persons involved, thoroughness of coopera- 
tion, speed, smoothness, and efficiency of operation. 

"Unless this Council of Defense system is used in 
federal reconstruction activities in Wisconsin, or if 
other agencies are formed in this state to carry out the 
national After-the-War program, this system, built up 
through nineteen months of travail, will disintegrate 
and its tremendous possibilities be lost. 

"The Council of Defense system in Wisconsin, an 
organization reaching every village and rural section 
of the state, with thousands of willing and able men 
and women ready ,to put in motion a working set of 
machinery, I have the honor to offer freely to the Presi- 
dent of the United States and the Council of National 
Defense with the praj^er that they make direct use of 
it in all federal reconstruction activities in Wisconsin. 

"AVe await your instructions." 

The President's Secretary acknowledged receipt of the mes- 
sage, but no acknowledgment was ever had from the Council of 
National Defense. As this silence in Washington continued, 
the Avonderful organization built up over the state began slowly 
to disintegrate as the individuals relaxed from the strain of 
war times. It appeared that no constructive program was to 
be forthcoming from Washington. On December 10, accord- 
ingly. Governor Philipp sent to the Chairman of the State Coun- 
cil of Defense the following letter : 

"In accord with the conferences with your executive 
committee relative to the advisability of continuing 
the functions of the State Council of Defense and its 
subsidiary organizations, the County Councils of De- 

9 



fense, I request that the matter be brought before the 
State €ouncil at its next meeting. 

"I feel that the demobilization of such a splendidly 
organized group of men and women, who have so un- 
selfishly performed their duties throughout the state, 
must be accomplished only when conditions are such 
that their services as official representatives of the 
state and counties are no longer needed. I, therefore, 
request that your body consider carefully the prob- 
able necessities of the future and insofar as you deem 
advisable for the welfare of the state, to transfer all 
activities to existing departments of state and county 
government. 

''It is my earnest desire that the state resume its 
normal functions as soon as possible both from the 
standpoint of state economy and from the standpoint 
of relieving those patriotic and self-sacrificing men and 
women from duties which during the war emergency 
greatly interfered with their personal interests and 
which now may be performed by the paid servants of 
the citizens of the state. 

"At the same time I desire that all records of the 
state and county councils be properly filed for future 
reference and that due consideration be given by your 
body for the maintenance of a skeleton organization 
which may be quickly mobilized if an emergency arise. 
It will therefore be necessary for the State Council to 
determine what activities may still be considered as 
war emergencies of the state and to advise me as to the 
proper disposition of such activities. 

"At this time I desire to express to you and through 
you to the members of the State Council and of the 
County Councils my sincere appreciation of the efforts 
of you all in mobilizing the resources of the state not 
only to meet the war needs of the Federal Government, 
but those of the civilian citizens of our state." 
This communication received the very serious consideration 
of the Council and especially of its Executive Committee, who 
formulated the following plan of demobilization which was 
formally approved by the Council and the Governor on Decem- 
ber 19, 1918 : 

"WHEREAS the Executive Committee of the Wis- 
consin State Council of Defense, with the addition of 
Mrs. E. C. Thompson, Assistant Executive Secretary, 

10 



representing the Woman's Committee, was on Decem- 
ber 9, 1918, appointed by the Council to formulate a 
plan of demobilization for the State Council of Defense, 
and 

"WHEREAS the major war activities of the Coun- 
cil are now ended and as the problems from this time 
forth will be essentially those of peace, 

"THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the State 
Council recommend that the Governor take the neces- 
sary steps to dissolve, legally and formally, this body 
created by the Wisconsin Legislature under Chapter 
82, Laws of 1917, for the purpose of meeting a war 
emergency; and 

"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the following 
committees of the State Council be immediately de- 
mobilized : Agriculture, Capital Issues, Emergency 
Employment, Labor, Manufacture, Legal, Military 
Survey, Mineral Resources, Mobilization, Non-War 
Construction, Organization, Patriotic and Recruiting, 
Reconstruction, Red Cross and Relief, Science and Re- 
search, Soldier Pal, Transportation and Communica- 
tion, and 

"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the activities 
of the Americanization Committee be transferred to 
the Department of Education and to the proper Com- 
mittee of the Wisconsin Division of the Woman's Com- 
mittee of the Council of National Defense, and 

"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Commit- 
tee on Medical Preparedness be demobilized and its 
various activities transferred to the State Board of 
Health, State Board of Nurses' Examiners, and the 
Wisconsin State Committee, Medical Section, Council 
of National Defense, and 

"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Commit- 
tee on Woman's Organizations be demobilized and such 
of its activities as it is deemed advisable to continue 
because of recommendations of the Woman's Commit- 
tee of the Council of National Defense, be transferred 
to the Wisconsin Division of the Woman's Committee 
of the Council of National Defense, and further that 
the State Council of Defense express sincere apprecia- 
tion to the eighty thousand organized women of the 
state for their cooperation in affiliating themselves 
with the state and county organizations of the Wis- 

11 



consin Council of Defense system during the war emer- 
gency; and 

"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the War Gar- 
dens Committee be continued under the direction of 
Mr. Frederick Cranefield until such time as it has com- 
pleted the important work Avhich is now planned ; and 
"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Home 
Demonstration Agents employed under a sub-commit- 
tee of the Agricultural Committee be financed at the 
discretion of the different County Boards of Supervis- 
ors upon request of the proper authorities having in 
charge the administration in Wisconsin of Federal 
Act No. 347, Sixty-Fourth Congress; and 

"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the History 
committee be continued until dissolution of the Coun- 
cil and that the 1919 legislature be requested to take 
steps to create and finance a State War History Com- 
mission to compile and publish the history of Wiscon- 
sin during the Avar; and further that the State Council 
of Defense strongly urge that the History Committees 
of all the counties continue their efforts unabated in 
order that a complete history of all community war 
activities as well as of each County Council of Defense 
may be carefully compiled ; and 

''BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Executive, 
Publicity, Finance, and Auditing Committees be con- 
tinued until all outstanding debts have been liquid- 
ated and the final auditing of all books made ; and 

"BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Governor, 
for the State Council of Defense, express sincere appre- 
ciation of the patriotic services of all the faithful co- 
workers for their hearty cooperation in carrying the 
war burdens Avhieh have been placed upon them and 
congratulate these self-sacrificing men and women on 
the success which has attended their efforts. These 
workers have performed their tasks at great personal 
sacrifice of time, energy, and money with no expecta- 
tion of reward, except the pride and satisfaction of 
having stood for the principles of righteousness as ex- 
emplified by their nation in the world confiict. To 
each and all of them the State Council of Defense gives 
full measure of praise and honor. 
Hardly had this scheme for demobilization been decided upon 
when the Council of National Defense began urging that the 

12 



State Council not disband but continue its organization for 
post-war reconstruction work, definite programs for which 
were said to be forthcoming- soon. With the desire that Wis- 
consin should always be found ready to support the Federal 
Government, the demobilization was not concluded at this time. 

When the Legislature convened the first week in January, 
1919, the State Afi:'airs Committee requested that the State Coun- 
cil of Defense continue until the County Councils of Defense 
should finish the major tasks which were then before them, chief 
of these being the coming Fifth Liberty Loan Campaign. In this 
request the Federal Keserve Banks and the Liberty Loan Di- 
rectors for Wisconsin joined with extreme urgency. The Coun- 
cil was accordingly continued, although with greatly- reduced 
personnel and quite limited expenditure, to cooperate in the 
Liberty Loan campaign and in any other activities proposed by 
the Federal authorities. 

After the conclusion of the Victory Liberty Loan campaign 
and upon the presentation to Germany of the peace terms, the 
Executive Committee recommended that the State Council of 
Defense be officially disbanded. Accordingly the State Affairs 
Committee of the Assembly on May 14 introduced a bill repeal- 
ing the law under which the Council was created and providing 
that this action should take efi'ect June 30, 1919, prior to which 
date a report of the Council of Defense should be published. 

13 



II. ORGANIZATION 
A. Members 

Pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 82, Laws of 1917, the 
Governor appointed the following members of the Council (the 
Governor is ex-officio a member of the Council and all its Com- 
mittees) : 

A. T. Van Scoy, Milwaukee, representing the manufacturing 
interests. 

Fred Brockhausen, Milwaukee, representing labor. 

Edward Nordman, Polar, representing the farmers. 

Mrs. H. H. Morgan, Madison, representing the Red Cross and 
Relief Societies. 

Dr. J. S. Evans, Madison, representing the medical profession. 

J. R. Wheeler, Columbus, representing the bankers. 

P. C. Eldredge, Oeonomowoc, representing the railroads. 

J. G. D. Mack, Madison, a trained engineer. 

Orlando Holway, Madison, State Adjutant General, ex-officio. 

Mangnus Swenson, Madison 



John M. Reese, Dodgeville '"^^''^ citizens. 



B. Officers 



The members so appointed met in the Executive Chamber at 
10 A. M., April 18, and elected the following officers : 

Mangus Swenson, Chairman; J. G. D. Mack, Vice-Chairman ; 
A. L. P. Dennis, Secretary. 

C. Changes in Members and Officers 

On May 31, 1917, Mr. Dennis resigned as secretary, and A. H. 
Melville was elected to succeed him, H. A. Burd being chosen 
assistant-secretary. 

Because of the pressure of private business, Mr. Nordman re- 
signed on May 2, 1917. Governor Philipp appointed George 
Carpenter of Baraboo in his stead. Later, on August 11, Mr. 
Carpenter resigned because of his inability to attend the meet- 
ings of the Council as regularly as he wished. The Governor 
appointed Georg-e A. Buckstaff of Oshkosh as his successor. 

Upon the separation of the Food Administration offices from 
those of the State Council on May 13, 1918, Mr. Melville re- 

14 



signed as secretary. The Council elected J. B. Borden, then 
Assistant State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

On October 15, 1918, Mr. Swenson resigned as chairman in 
order to devote his entire time to Food Administration prob- 
lems. He was succeeded by W. S. Heddles. 

Pursuant to agreement Avith the Governor, Mr. Borden was 
released on November 1, 1918, to assume his duties at the Uni- 
versity. H. A. Burd was elected as his successor. On Novem- 
ber 14, Mrs. E. C. Thompson of La Crosse was chosen assistant- 
secretary. 

On November 15, 1918, Mrs. Morgan resigned to become Exe- 
cutive officer of the AVoman's Compound, AVar Prison Barracks, 
Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. Because the armistice had been signed 
and there was no certainty as to the continuation of the Council, 
the vacancy was not filled. 

Mr. P. C. Eldredge died at his home in Oconomowoc the 
morning of May 6 and was buried May 10. The following 
resolution of appreciation and sympathy was f orAvarded to Mrs. 
Eldredge by the Executive Committee of the State Council : 

"WHEREAS it has pleased the Omnipotent Creator 
of heaven and earth to call from this life our esteemed 
colleague PERCY C. ELDREDGE, 

"THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED by the AVis:Mm- 
sin State Council of Defense that we express our sin- 
cere appreciation of the loyalty and devotion of our 
late comrade, of the spirit of unselfish service which 
animated him throughout the two years of his member- 
ship on the State Council of Defense, of the unpreten- 
tious sacrifice which caused him freely to spend and be 
spent in the service of his state and nation. His was 
the unassuming service, the quiet demeanor Avhich bears 
the dignity of deep sincerity. We came to know him 
intimately — as soldiers know each other in the fire of 
battle — to admire his fairness of mind, his rectitude of 
conduct, to depend upon his seasoned .iudgment, to love 
him as a true friend. We mourn his loss and take pride 
in the fact that we served with him for the perpetua- 
tion of those personal and national ideals which he 
cherished and exemplified. 

"BE IT FURTHER RESOLA'ED that a copy of this 
resolution be perpetuated in the records of the State 
Council of Defense, a copy sent to Mrs. P. C. Eldredge, 
and a copy given to the press." 

15 



D. County and Community Councils 

It is provided by Section 8, Chapter 82, that the Council 
"shall have the right to form advisory or other committees 
from outside of its membership and may organize subordinate 
bodies for its assistance in special investigations either by the 
employment of experts or by the creation of committees of 
specially qualified persons, and may form such committees from 
among its own members as may be necessary and convenient." 

Accordingly the organization of County Councils was begun 
at once. Plans were prepared, meetings called, and a Council 
of Defense organized in each county in the state. In fact, 
many counties had already begun organizing before the plans 
of the State Council reached them, and some had perfected their 
Councils of Defense. Wisconsin was perhaps the first state to 
have, a complete count}' organization and has frequently been 
commended by Federal authorities for its efficient operation. 

At a meeting on April 23, the State Council recommended that 
County Councils organize local councils "in cities, towns, and 
industrial centers." Local councils were formed steadily as 
the county organizations saw the advantage of this decentrali- 
zation. By means of volunteer organizers who traveled from 
county to county this growth was so stimulated that by Feb- 
ruary, 1918, when the Council of National Defense sent out its 
first request for the formation of "Community" councils, Wis- 
consin had practically completed the work. 

On recommendation of the State Council, the Legislature on 
May 22, 1917, passed a bill (Chap. 241, Laws of 1917) authoriz- 
ing county, town, and village boards, and city councils to ap- 
propriate annually for the county councils "a sum not to exceed 
3/100 of one mill on the dollar on the assessed valuation of the 
property in said county, town, village, or city." Under the 
provisions of this statute there was appro]n'iated, in round 
numbers, $235,000 in 1917, and $105,-000 in 1918, for the use of 
county councils. In addition several thousands of dollars were 
provided by private subscription. Many counties also received 
appropriations for 1919. 

E. Committees 

A uniform policy with respect to State Council Committees 
was adopted : the chairman of each committee should be a mem- 
ber of the Council ; those committees dealing only with internal 
affairs of the Council (e. g. Auditing) should be composed en- 
tirely of Council members ; other committees might have ' ' ad- 

16 



visory members" outside the Council. The following' com- 
mittees were formed upon organization of the Council. A brief 
statement of the functions of each is appended. 

Agriculture: To encourage food production and conserva- 
tion ; to aid in securing seeds and fertilizers ; to assist in pro- 
curing markets for produce; to help in relief of the farm labor 
shortage; to cooperate with farmers' organizations, county 
agents, the College of Agriculture, and the State and Federal 
Departments of Agriculture in protecting and promoting the 
agricultural and dairy interests of the state. 

Auditing: To audit the books of the Council and recommend 
the distribution of funds to the various committees. 

Emergency Employment: To aid in meeting such labor emer- 
gencies as might arise in connection with the harvesting season 
or sudden industrial expansion to meet war needs. 

Executive: To outline matters of policj^ and to act for the 
Council in the interim between its regular sessions. 

Finance : To determine questions of financial policy ; to ad- 
vise with and assist Federal authorities in the sale of Govern- 
ment securities within the state. 

Labor: To analyze the labor situation; to cooperate with 
local, state, and Federal authorities in matters affecting the 
supply, distribution, and welfare of labor in all occupations; to 
discourage idleness of both men and women in every walk of 
life. 

Legal: To furnish counsel on all legal problems; to examine 
witnesses; to aid in investigations; to assist drafted men, men 
in service, and their families in adjusting their business affairs. 

Manufactures: To assist the manufacturers of the state in 
adjusting themselves to war time conditions and meeting its 
problems. 

Medical Preparedness: To provide for the proper supervi- 
sion and protection of civilian health ; to cooperate with organ- 
izations of physicians, nurses, and dentists, with the profes- 
sional staffs of hospitals, with Federal, state, and local health 
authorities, w4th the Medical Committee of the Council of Na- 
tional Defense, with the Red Cross, and with other relief so- 
cieties in all matters of health and sanitation. 

Military Survey: To study the military potentialities and 
requirements of the state; to cooperate with the Federal gov- 
ernment and the State Adjutant General in military matters. 

Mineral Resources : To cooperate with the proper authorities 
to derive the greatest Avar value from the mineral resources of 
the state. 

17 



Mobilization: To assist state and Federal governments in 
mobilization of the various army units. 

Organization: To plan for and supervise the organization of 
County and Community Councils. 

Patriotic and Recruiting-: To stimulate the patriotic spirit 
of the state ; to aid in recruiting for the State Guard and for all 
units of the United States Army and Navy. 

Publicity: To disseminate information concerning the activ- 
ities of the State and County Councils and their committees ; 
to give statewide publicity to the causes of the war, the issues 
involved, and the importance of America's participation; to 
cooperate with the Publicity Director of the Council of National 
Defense. 

Red Cross and Relief: To cooperate with the Red Cross and 
all relief organizations in providing personnel, funds, and ma- 
terials for relief work at home and abroad. 

Science and Research: To cooperate with scientists and in- 
ventors in placing the results of their researches before the 
proper army officers. 

Transportation and Communication: To study the problems 
of steam, electric, motor car, and water borne transportation ; 
to assist in relieving transportation difficulties ; to keep in touch 
with telephonic and telegraphic conditions. 

Women's Organizations: To organize and coordinate the 
woman power of the state ; to cooperate with state organizations 
of women and with the Woman's Committee, Council of Na- 
tional Defense ; to aid in the proper adjustment of women to the 
altered home and industrial conditions brought about by the 
war. 



The following committees were appointed as necessity re- 
quired : 

Americanization: To promulgate American ideals among all 
the people of the state; to further the use of the English lan- 
guage, to promote the study of American institutions, to dis- 
courage sectionalism among foreigners and those of foreign 
birth. 

Capital Issues: To cooperate with the state representatives 
of the Federal Capital Issues Committee in selecting county 
committees and in passing upon proposed bond issues. 

Explosives: To assist the Federal State Explosives Director 
in the regulation of the storage, sale, and use of explosives and 
explosives' ingredients in the state. 

18 



Highways Transport: To cooperate with Highways Trans- 
port Committee of the Council of National Defense in promot- 
ing use of highways for motor transportation to relieve rail and 
water congestion. 

History: To outline and organize a comprehensive war his- 
tory of the state and to direct and supervise the collection and 
recording of material in the counties. 

Liberty Music: To encourage community singing of patriotic 
songs ; to organize and enroll choruses, bands, orchestras, etc., 
for voluntary service at patriotic meetings. 

Non-War Construction: To carry out in the state the program 
of the Non-War Construction Section of the Federal AVar In- 
dustries Board for the curtailment of all non-war construction. 

Reconstruction: To plan, with State and Federal authorities, 
for the rehabilitation of disabled soldiers and sailors; to aid 
in the general readjustment to peace conditions. 

Soldier Pal: To provide, through county and local commit- 
tees, for a "Pal" for each soldier and sailor, so that all might 
be kept in touch with home news. 

Speakers: To furnish speakers on patriotic and special sub- 
jects as required in any part of the state ; to supply bulletins, 
pamphlets, and other literature for information of speakers ; 
to foster and- encourage public meetings; to aid in all war 
"drives." 

19 



III. METHOD OF OPERATION 

All the work of the State Council of Defense was handled 
directly through its committees or indirectly through the 
County Councils. Each State Council committee was repre- 
sented by a similar committee in each County Council, and the 
County Councils were further decentralized into the corre- 
sponding committees of their local or community councils. 
Under this arrangement it was possible, Avithin twenty-four to 
forty-eight hours, to reach several thousand active war workers. 

Intercourse with County Councils was maintained chiefly 
through mimeographed and multigraphed "Bulletins" and 
"General Letters" addressed to the chairman or secretary or 
both. A "Bulletin" was a circular of instruction, direction, 
or information which did not require an answer ; a " General 
Letter" was a communication which required action and a 
reply. This material Avas in turn relayed by the County Coun- 
cils to their local organizations. Under this plan, which func- 
tioned with a gratifying-lj' high degree of accuracy and speed, 
any action of the Council of National Defense or of the State 
Council was quickly spread to every school district in the state 
and the necessary work accomplished. 

The State Council committees were each composed of mera- 
bers of the Council who gathered about themselves an advisory 
body of men and women especially fitted by training or exper- 
ienced to handle the problems presented. In all its work the 
Council has had the full support of all organizations and de- 
partments directly concerned in war work and of all groups 
and individuals indirectly affected. One of the main purposes 
of the State Council was to coordinate all war efforts Avithin 
the state, with other states, and with the Council of National 
Defense. The unstinted cooperation of practically every indi- 
vidual and every organization made this possible. 

20 



IV. MAJOR COUNCIL ACTIVITIES 
A. Agriculture 

The Agricultural Committee was composed of six members 
of the State Council of Defense. There were advisory members 
representing- practical farmers, special agricultural interests, 
the College of Agriculture, and the Home Economics Depart- 
ment. The Agricultural Advisors for the district draft boards 
were also made advisory members of this Committee. The 
Council of National Defense took occasion to commend Wiscon- 
sin on the personnel of its Agricultural Committee. 

For purposes of careful treatment and expeditious handling 
of the different problems, the Committee maintained four sub- 
committees, one on Conservation of food and nutrition, another 
on Conservation of fuel, wood ashes, fertilizers, etc., another on 
Marketing, and another on Agricultural labor. The Commit- 
tee met almost as regularly as the Council and handled numer- 
ous problems affecting the farmers of the state. 

Marketing. On April 20, 1917, the State Council secured 
an option on 100 cars of seed potatoes for two weeks. This 
provided ample seed for the state at $3.00 per bushel and re- 
sulted in an exceptional crop. At the same time the Council 
secured an option on several cars of beans for seed. As a re- 
sult 18,000 acres of beans were produced. 

A Marketing Department with an experienced man in charge 
was formall}^ established September 10, 1917. Its activities 
practically ceased at the end of the year because marketing con- 
ditions made it virtually impossible to secure sufficient results 
to warrant continuing the expenditure. As spring approached, 
however, the Council realized the necessity of aiding the farm- 
ers in finding markets for the surplus 1917 crops that remained 
in their hands. Accordingly the Department was reopened on 
April 25, 1918. During the period from September 10 to Decem- 
ber 31, 1917, 700,000 pounds of rough fish were provided for the 
people of the state at a retail price of 6 cents per pound. Pota- 
toes and apples were marketed in carload lots. This material 
was practically all handled through County Councils or city 
markets, eliminating the middleman's profit. The Marketing 
Agent of the State Council of Defense acted in the capacity of 
intermediary to bring seller and buyer — producer and consumer 
• — together. Municipal and curb markets sponsored by the 

21 



State Council, many of which were established under its direc- 
tion, saved thousands of dollars to the people of the state — both 
to the farmers and to the city consumer. 

In the fall of 1917 thousands of small pigs were being 
marketed because of the scarcity of feed. The Council pro- 
vided for the shipment of these pigs to Iowa and Illinois for 
fattening, and also for the shipment of soft corn into this state 
to enable the farmers to fatten pigs at home. 

From April 25, 1918, to May 31, 1919, the following produce 
was handled by the State Council Marketing Agent at an ad- 
ministrative cost of less than 1^/4% : 

Apples, bulk, 117,000 lbs $2,925.00 

Apples, barreled, 1,600 bbls 8,800.00 

Beans, 2;324,150 lbs 201,281.25 

Fish (with Conservation Commission) 4,571.00 

Onions, 750 bu 375.00 

Peas, 180,000 lbs 6,755.00 

Potatoes, 58,560 bu 34,248.00 

Potatoes, certified seed 1,840 bu 1,830.00 



$260,785.25 

The above figures cover only the orders actually placed 
through the State Council office. How^ many thousands of dol- 
lars were involved in transactions made on the basis of informa- 
tion furnished from this office there is no means of knowing. 
Because of the facts that market information here was always 
available to every one, that many producers and dealers secured 
that information by letter, wire, or personal visit, and that few 
of them reported sales or purchases to this office, it is fair to 
assume that the "outside" transactions reached a very large 
total. 

No funds were available on which to do business, that is, to 
make purchases. The Coiuicil conceived it to be the function of 
the Marketing Agent to assist the producers in every way possi- 
ble to market their crops, especially surpluses which were hard 
to move. His work was primarily a war measure. Farmers 
were urged on every hand to increased production. They raised 
enormous crops, and they were entitled to aid in marketing 
those crops with the greatest profit to themselves. 

The Council's duty was to the whole people of Wisconsin — to 
the producer, to the dealer, to the consumer. It was ready to 
help any Wisconsin citizen, or any group of citizens to market 

22 



their produce to best advantage or to buy to best advantage. 
And it did help them, whenever opportunity was presented. 

Being firmly convinced that standardization of produce and 
emphasis on qualit}^ are the two factors which will cause buyers 
to seek stock and Avill thus increase the producers' income, 
the Marketing Agent lost no opportunitj^ to counsel the farmers 
to increase the quality of their produce, to prepare it carefully 
for the market, and to standardize their goods. On March 12, 
1919, he sent a letter to the dealers in the potato section urging 
them to undertake an educational campaign to induce farmers 
to sell their common potatoes and plant certified stock in order 
that "Wisconsin grown potatoes may be known the country 
over as QUALITY STOCK." To this appeal many commend- 
atory replies were received. As a result several carloads of cer- 
tified stock were purchased for seed purposes. 

When the Food Administration regnlations were in effect, 
there frequently arose difficulties between producer and dealer 
over quality or grading. The Marketing Agent, who endeav- 
ored to keep posted on these regulations though they were out- 
side his Department, was often called in to inspect and grade 
shipments. In every case his efforts at arbitration met with 
success, and an adjustment satisfactory to both parties to the 
controversy was arrived at. 

Food Production Campaign. Although the time was short, 
the State Council in collaboration with the College of Agricul- 
ture in the spring of 1917 put on a vigorous campaign for in- 
creased production of grain and livestock, laying special em- 
phasis on wheat, dairy products, "back yard poultry flocks," 
and "war gardens." This campaign was carried out by means 
of letters, bulletins, posters, personal visitation, and the cooper- 
ation of County Agents. An enormous increase in production 
of all foods resulted. Late in the summer the Council made a 
survey and published a list of ' ' Pedigreed Seeds for Fall Plant- 
ing, " giving the name and address of owner and the price. The 
building of silos was urged, especiall}^ as a means of securing 
maximum feeding value from the immature corn crop. Both 
the spring and fall campaigns were so successful that the plans 
were printed by the Council of National Defense and sent to all 
the states as an example to be emulated. 

In the spring of 1918 an earlier start was secured and practi- 
cally the same program was carried out. A special bulletin on 
the growing of sugar beets was printed and 45.000 copies dis- 
tributed in the vicinity of the five sugar beet factories in the 
state. A bulletin prepared by Edward Nordman, entitled "A 

23 



Substitute for Cora Silage," Avas published and widely dis- 
tributed in the northern counties. 

For 1919 the campaign was launched still earlier, with a 
special "Food Production Drive" during Thanksgiving week 
of 1918. This was followed up through the usual channels 
during the winter and spring. 

War Gardens. The war garden work was thoroughly system- 
ized in the spring of 1918 in cooperation with the State Horti- 
cultural Society. An edition of 70,000 copies of gardening 
pamphlets prepared by experts on seven phases of the work was 
carefully distributed. Three experienced men addressed thou- 
sands of amateur gardeners and organized the work in fifty-six 
cities. A plan for periodic inspection was carried out. In 
these cities there was an increase of 45% in acreage of war 
gardens, exclusive of back yard gardens. Complete details of 
the War Garden work may be found in the Annual Report of 
the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, January, 1919. For 
the 1919 season the work was again administered by the State 
Horticultural Society, wdth splendid results. 

Seed Corn. Because of the failure of the 1917 crop the out- 
look for seed corn for 1918 was very discouraging. As the re- 
sult of a careful seed survey conducted through the schools, it 
was found that virtually no germinable corn remained in the 
state. Quick and vigorous action was necessary to insure even a 
reasonable amount of seed corn for spring planting. By author- 
ity of Chapter 561, Laws of 1917, known as the "Emergency 
Statute," $20,000 was set aside to be used as a revolv- 
ing fund in the purchase and distribution of seed corn. 
Commissioner Norgord was authorized to administer the fund. 
A total of 19,148 bushels, costing $109,748.85, mostly northern 
grown seed, was distributed at cost, resulting in one of the best 
stands and largest yields of recent years. 

General. The State Council gave full cooperation to the Col- 
lege of Agriculture in" placing County Agents, Emergency Food 
Agents, and Home Demonstrating Agents, and assisted them 
in their Avork for the increased production and conservation of 
food. 

Several thousand acres of unused land were listed and re- 
ferred to the County Councils with the recpiest that all tillable 
land be put into crop. 

The Council aided in enforcement of the order to destroy tall 
barberry bushes to prevent wheat rust. 

A proclamation was issued ordering the muzzling of dogs to 
prevent destruction of livestock. 

24 



Early in 1917 the Council requested Federal anthorities to 
place agricultural implements, repairs, and material for their 
manufacture in class with munitions for preferred shipment. 

In cooperation with the College of Agriculture 32 bulletins 
and circulars were published and distributed in editions of 
50,000 or more each. 

Special posters designed to stimulate production and con- 
servation of food were prepared for the 1917 and 1918 State 
Fairs. 

B. Confidential Work 

The Council conducted numerous secret investigations for 
the Council of National Defense, the War Department, the Fed- 
eral Reserve Banks, and other governmental agencies. The 
Chairman was called into conference both at Washington and 
Chicago on secret matters vitally affecting the prosecution of 
the war. 

C. Cooperation with Federal Organizations 

Food Administration. In the spring and summer of 1917, 
before the Federal Food Administration was authorized, the 
State Council inaugurated a strenuous conservation campaign. 
One of its first acts was to call a conference of representatives 
of the Industrial Commission, the Fire Marshall's department, 
and the Fire Underwriters ' Association for the purpose of work- 
ing out plans for the protection of food in storage. The in- 
spectors of all these departments were made special agents of 
the State Council to inspect elevators, warehouses, and all food 
depositories and make recommendations for reduction of the 
fire hazard and the placing of competent guards and watchmen. 
As a result the loss of food in storage in the state was practically 
negligible. 

Much publicity was given to methods of canning, drying, and 
preserving, and experts were provided for lectures and demon- 
strations. In June all the wholesale bakers of the state were 
pledged not to accept the return of unsold bread. A resolution 
was passed requesting the discontinuance of free lunches in 
saloons. The use of punch boards and other gaming devices 
with any food or food product as a prize was forbidden. 

The first Hoover Pledge Card campaign was handled under 
direction of the Council. 

Upon the organization of the Federal Food Administration 
the State Council urged the appointment of its chairman as 
Federal Food Administrator for AVisconsin in order that the 

25 



war work might be centralized and duplication and overlapping 
of effort avoided. The entire resources of the Council of De- 
fense system of the state were placed at the disposal of the Food 
Administration. The County Food Administrators were nom- 
inated by the County Councils, who assisted finanically and 
morally in their work. The work of the Food Administration 
increased enormously, and in May, 1918, it was fomid necessary 
to separate the state offices from those of the State Council, al- 
though the close cooperation between the two departments con- 
tinued. 

Fuel Administration. In June, 1917, the State Council be- 
gan an investigation of the fuel situation and recommended 
with insistence that the Federal Government take over control 
of the coal mines. Through the County Councils it conducted 
a coal survey of the state and reported the amount of coal on 
hand and the amount needed for the winter to W. N. Fitz- 
gerald afterwards Federal Fuel Administrator for Wisconsin, 
who was then in Washington representing the Governor in an 
effort to secure shipments of coal to lake ports. By vigorous 
action an ample supply of coal was provided for Wisconsin. 

A "Cut a Cord" campaign was instituted with appreciable 
results. The railroad companies were induced to give their 
old ties for fire wood. 

The State Council has cooperated with the Federal Fuel Ad- 
ministration and was able to render valuable service in the 
selection of County Fuel Administrators through the County 
Councils and in the enforcement of the "Fuelless Week" and 
''Gasless Sunday" edicts. 

Liberty Loan. The State Council assisted in the supervision 
and carrying on of the first Liberty Loan campaign. It aided 
the Federal Reserve Banks in organizing the state for all sub- 
sequent loans and provided publicity and numerous speakers 
for each campaign. Through its help subscriptions were re- 
ceived from every bank in the state for full quotas of Certifi- 
cates of Indebtedness. 

Secretary McAdoo was the guest of the State Council on 
October 3, 1917. A reception was held in his honor and a pub- 
lic meeting planned at which 6,000 persons from all over the 
state heard his masterly address opening the Liberty Loan 
Campaign. 

General. The War Savings Stamp Director and the State 
Explosives Inspector were both accorded free use of State Coun- 
cil resources. Their county representatives were selected 
through the County Councils, and they were assisted in special 
campaigns by the State Council. 

26 



A committee of the State Council was frequently called into 
conference by the state representatives of the Federal Capital 
issues Committee. 

D. County and Community Councils 

One of the first concerns of the Council was the organization 
of the entire state for effective war work. It was first decided 
to form in each county a Council of Defense organized on the 
same plan as the State Council. Men were sent out from Madi- 
son and other points to assist the County Boards. Associations 
of Commerce, and other local groups in organizing County 
Councils and to outline in a general way the nature of the work 
that would be required.. Practically the only stipulation made 
by the State Council was that the County Councils were to be 
absolutely non-political and that they were to be composed of 
the best and busiest men and women in the county. 

It was soon seen that the most effective County Council of 
Defense was the one which had a large membership and main- 
tained "local councils" in the cities, towns, or school districts. 
A few counties from the very beginning worked out organiza- 
tions of this type and enrolled in their membership practically 
the entire population of the county. Early in the summer of 
1917 the State Council secured the voluntary services of two 
men who had been instrumental in building up strong County 
Councils, and another able organizer from the College of Agri- 
culture. These men visited practically every county in the 
state, studying the council organizations, passing good ideas 
from one to another, aiding in forming local luiits, strengthen- 
ing the work here, extending it there, and instilling everywhere 
the spirit of organized effort to win the war. Thus not only 
seventy-one County Councils, but as many counties were organ- 
ized. This idea was promulgated six months later bj' the 
Council of National Defense as the "Community Council" plan. 

It was by and through the County Councils of Defense that 
the real war work in Wisconsin was accomplished. The State 
Council laid general plans, offered suggestions, issued direc- 
tions — but the loyal and patriotic men and women of the coun- 
ties, under the leadership of their County Council officers and 
Executive Committees, did the work and produced the results. 

E. Fund for Minnesota Fire Sufferers 

On October 17, 1918, Governor Philipp requested the State 
Council to raise a fund of $50,000 for the relief of the Minne- 
sota Forest Fire sufferers, many of whom had sought refuge in 

27 



Superior. The call was sent to the County Councils, and the 
fund was soon oversubscribed. A total of $62,016.65 was re- 
ceived by the State Council and forwarded to F. A. Baxter, 
chairman of the Superior Relief Committee. Of this amount 
$116.10 was contributed by the Society of Equity, $2,458.00 by 
the Wisconsin Retail Lumberman's Association, and the re- 
mainder by County Councils of Defense, who raised it by private 
subscription or contributed from their War Chests. Besides 
this, County Councils sent a total of $7,003.12 direct to the re- 
lief committee, and one fraternal organization reported contri- 
butions of more than $13,000.00. In addition to all this the city 
of Superior paid out $48,878.90 for the sufferers, making a grand 
total of $130,898.67. No doubt many other contributions were 
sent direct but not reported to the State Council. Clothing and 
food were sent in such cjuantities that their collection was 
early discontinued by request. 

The contributions by counties, exclusive of the lodge subscrip- 
tions, follow : 

*Ashland $3,369.24 

Barron 80.00 

*Bayfield 628.00 

Brown 1,756.04 

Buffalo 1,480.17 

Calumet 25.00 

tChippewa 2.067.00 

Clark 1,668.82 

Columbia 112.87 

Crawford 10.00 

Dane 8,010.76 

Dodge 200.00 

Door 11.00 

*Douglas 48,878.90 

Dunn 733.48 

Eau Claire 30.60 

Florence 226.50 

Fond du Lac 3,529.71 

Grant _ 522.50 

tGreen 2,459.00 

Green Lake 1,086.45 

Iowa 325.00 

Jackson 5.00 

Jefferson 2,461.46 

Juneau 131.50 

Kenosha 2,513.00 

28 



Kewaunee 30.50 

La Crosse 2,698.89 

Lafayette 1,414.85 

Lincoln 554.00 

Manitowoc 20.00 

Marathon 1,484.50 

Marinette 1,731.15 

Marquette 10.00 

Milwaukee 6,120.00 

Monroe 2,096.48 

Oconto 20.05 

§Oneida 1,137.00 

Outagamie 332.55 

Ozaukee 25.00 

Pepin 50.00 

Pierce 972.23 

Polk 25.00 

Portage 5.00 

Price 676.75 

Racine 1,545.00 

Richland 10.00 

Rock 1 ,604.29 

Rusk 45.00 

St. Croix 15.00 

Sauk 570.00 

§Sawyer '. 1,000.00 

Sheboygan 1,356.00 

Taylor 525.00 

Trempealeau 2,465.44 

Vernon 1,034.28 

Walworth 1,417.00 

Washburn 5.00 

Washington 117.00 

Waukesha 943.56 

Waupaca 133.00 

Winnebago 2,003.00 

Wood 1,384.15 



Total $117,898.67 



* Sent Direct. 
t $2,000 sent direct. 
t $5.88 sent direct. 
§ $500.00 sent direct. 

29 



F. War History 

The History Committee of the State Council has prepared 
plans for a complete and exhaustive war history of the state. 
Under the direction of this body the History Committees of the 
County Councils of Defense gathered information relating to 
enlistments, inductions, casualties, Red Cross, Liberty Loans, 
War drives, and general Council of Defense activities. Many 
counties are prepared to publish fairly complete and exhaustive 
war histories. 

In the office of the State Council of Defense was kept a card 
file of Wisconsin casualties. These were published in For- 
ward up to December 1, 1918. The tremendous mass of ma- 
terial in the files of the State and County Councils will be of in- 
calculable value to the future historian of Wisconsin's activities 
in the World War. 

G. Labor 

Agricultural Labor. The agricultural labor situation became 
increasingly serious as the war wore on. By careful planning 
and vigorous action the actual shortage of farm labor was re- 
duced to a minimum. In the spring of 1917 the State Council 
worked out plans with the Highway Commission to release road 
workers for the farm whenever a county Highway Commis- 
sioner was notified by the County Council that they were needed. 
This scheme was highly recommended and sent broadcast by 
the Council of National Defense as "The AVisconsin Plan." 

The Council cooperated with the University in placing stu- 
dents for summer work ; it urged retired farmers to return to 
the farm for the duration of the war at least; it advocated 
"auto squadrons" of business men to carry the peak load at 
harvest time ; it requested large manufacturers to release a 
portion of their men each daj' for harvest work ; it asked the 
curtailment or postponement of public improvements ; it dis- 
couraged idleness among men and women in all walks of life. 
A conference with the Chiefs of Police of the largest cities re- 
sulted in the virtual elimination of vagrants from the state. 
A vigorous bill to compel every able bodied person to work 
was passed by the senate but rejected by the assembly in 1917. 

As one means of relief from the shortage of men the Council 
advocated the more extended use of all kinds of power machin- 
ery on the farm but was careful to see that its name was not 
used in connection with any commercial venture. 

U. S. Boys' Working Reserve. The State Director of the 



U. S. Boys" Working- Reserve was fnriiislu'd desk room and 
stenographic and clerical assistance by the State Council. Ap- 
proximately 10,000 boj's between the ages of 16 and 21, under 
the direction of the Reserve received special practical training 
in elementary farm operations before they were released from 
school on April 15, 1918, to go onto farms for summer work. 
Fully ninety per cent, of these boys made good. 

More extensive plans were already under w^a.v for 1919, when 
the armistice was signed. The consequent return of the men 
from Service upon demobilization permitted of a lessening of 
the intensity of the Boys' Working Reserve drive. The situa- 
tion was always such that, had conditions required, a large num- 
ber of well trained boys could have been sent to the farms on 
short notice. 

Industrial Labor. Although the major portion of the work 
of the various labor committees had to do w^ith agricultural re- 
quirements, they did not neglect industrial needs. In coopera- 
tion with the Industrial Commission, labor offices were main- 
tained in the principal cities to place transient Avorkers. In all 
its labor problems the Council was benefited greatly by the 
recommendations and by the cooperation of organized labor. 

U. S. Employment Service. The employment activities of 
the State Council were coordinated with those of the Federal 
Employment Service. Through the labor committees of the 
Count.y Councils thirty local bureaus of the Service were estab- 
lished over the state. When in the spring of 1919, Federal 
funds became exhausted and a reduction of 80^ in the U. S. 
Employment Service was planned, an appeal was made to the 
County and Community Councils to make provision for the con- 
tinuance of every necessary labor office. There was a generous 
response and as a result the reduction in employment offices in 
this state was less than 25%. 

U. S. Public Service Reserve. Until June, 1918, when the 
offices were moved to Milwaukee, the State Director of the U. S. 
Public Service Reserve was quartered in the rooms of the State 
Council of Defense. Close cooperation was accorded him in the 
enrollment of men for ship building and other government proj- 
ects. 

H. Legal Aid 

In the aj^pointment of legal committees who should give ad- 
vice to registrants and their relatives as well as aid the County 
Councils in all matters requiring legal counsel, duplication was 
avoided and a harmonious organization developed through mak- 

31 



ing the Legal Advisors to the Draft Boards the Legal Aid Com- 
mittees of the County Councils. These committees continued 
to give their services free to Service men and their families 
long after the signing of the armistice. Their work was es- 
pecially valuable during the period of demobilization. The 
Council of National Defense has commended Wisconsin as "es- 
pecially fortunate" in its legal committee organization. 

I. Liberty Music 

In March, 1918, the Liberty Music Service ^YiiS organized with 
the purpose of stimulating interest in patriotic music and en- 
listing groups of people for leadership in the music of war 
meetings. 

A total of 205 definite organizations, comprising approxi- 
mately^ 10,000 people from 48 counties was enlisted in this work. 
From many reports received there is every reason to believe 
that these musical groups were responsible in no small degree 
for the stimulation of the patriotic fervor of the people. 

During the fourth Liberty Loan Campaign the director of 
the service, as the community singing leader, accompanied the 
Blue Jacket Band and Speakers' Party throughout the eastern 
and northern portions of the state, visiting 35 different towns. 
In many of these communities the Liberty Choruses were on 
hand to assist in making the music a feature of the Liberty Loan 
program. 

Wisconsin was one of the first states in the Union to develop 
this phase of patriotic work, and its success Avas so signal that 
it was selected for special mention by the writer of an article 
in the Ladies' Home Journal. 

After the armistice the Liberty Music work was continued as 
an adjunct of the Community Council in many places, and in 
others in connection Avith welfare and recreational work in in- 
dustrial plants. 

J. Medical Preparedness 

The Medical Committee of the State Council and the State 
Committee of the Medical Section, Council of National Defense, 
being one and the same, the medical problems in Wisconsin 
were handled with smoothness and dispatch. A complete sur- 
vey of the medical and nursing situation was conducted. Priv- 
ilege of registration for nurses previously qualified to register 
but who had failed to do so was secured, and a Central Nurses' 
Directory was maintained in Milwaukee. 

The serious shortage of trained nurses was offset in some 

32 



measure by the emeroency training of civilian Health Aides. 
Under Chapter 356, Laws of 1917, which provided for the 
establishment of training units, six months' courses of intensive 
training were given under direction of the State Medical Com- 
mittee at Mihvaukee County Hospital, St. Mary's Hospital, 
Green Bay, and St. Agnes Hospital, Fond du Lac. Certificates 
M^ere awarded 42 girls. 

The committee made a complete survey of physicians of the 
state. Through the county committees it conducted the enroll- 
ment into the Medical Reserve Corps, made numerous read- 
justments which were necessitated by the Avithdrawal of phy- 
sicians into the service, and took measures for the relief of 
physicians' families. In cooperation with the state health 
officials it used its organization in the spreading of health prop- 
aganda and in meeting emergencies of both local and state 
scope. 

As early as July, 1917, the committee sent a resolution to the 
Federal authorities requesting that medical students be granted 
fufloughs to enable them to complete their courses. This priv- 
ilege was later accorded. 

K. Non-War Construction 

On September 15, 1918, the Council of National Defense 
created a Non-War Construction Committee whose duty it was 
to carry out through the states the order of the War Industries 
Board to reduce non-essential building to a minimum that men 
and materials might be released for essential war work. The 
Wisconsin State Council Committee was formed shortly there- 
after and immediately secured the appointment of a committee 
in each county. 

The State Committee was charged with the responsibility of 
stopping all non-essential building which had not reached a 
substantial degree of completion, and with preventing any new 
building .not essential to the war or for necessary agricultural 
purposes. Because of delay in receiving materials from Wash- 
ington, the State Committee prepared and printed its own 
blanks for individual building requests and County Committee 
reports. 

The work of this committee, crowded into less than two 
months, was more intensive than that of any other State Council 
Committee. It convened daily and during its short life con- 
sidered 285 petitions for new buildings, 125 of which, valued at 
$2,543,753, were denied. Of the decisions sent to Washington 

33 



only 20^ were not concurred in by the National Committee, 
as against a national average of 90^/c . The rulings of this com- 
mittee were accepted without complaint in every case, even 
though acceptance always meant inconvenience and frequently 
financial sacrifice to the petitioner. 

All restrictions on building were removed shortly after the 
signing of the armistice and every kind of construction en- 
couraged to provide work for returning soldiers and sailors. 

L. Publicity 

The Publicity Committee of the State Council functioned 
through a Publicity Director whose duty it was to give wide 
circulation to all State and County Council news and to Council 
of National Defense doings of interest to Wisconsin, and to 
disseminate American propaganda by every means possible. 
The usual news channels were employed for matters of imme- 
diate interest. In addition, plate material was furnished free 
to 400 weekly newspapers, printed in both English and German. 
Through this means the series of twelve articles prepared by 
the War Committee of the University was put before the people. 
The newspapers. of the state donated practically unlimited space 
to the publicity work of the State and County Councils. 

The Germania Herald editorial, "An open Confession," was 
reprinted in both English and German and 60,000 copies dis- 
tributed as requested by County Councils. The Council of 
Defense of a western state requested 5,000 copies of this edi- 
torial. 

Thousands of copies of speeches by Secretary McAdoo and 
Clarence Darrow, as well as innumerable posters, bulletins, and 
booklets from the Council of National Defense and the Com- 
mittee on Public Information were distributed. 

Forward. The initial number of Forward, official publica- 
tion of the State Council of Defense, was issued May 22, 1917. 
It was the first bulletin of its type in the United States, but was 
soon followed by the official organs of other State Councils, 
many of them modeled closely after it. The Council of National 
Defense declared Forward to be of "great value" to them in 
their work. Originally Forward was intended as a sort of 
"house organ" to carry State Council information to the 
County Councils and was accordingly published weekly. With 
the completion of County and Community Council organizations 
and the attendant success of intercourse hx circular correspond- 
ence. Forward took on more the character of an official war 

34 



record of the State and Coimty Councils and was made a bi- 
weekly paper in December, l'J17. One or two pages of each 
issue Avere devoted exclusively to County Council news, one 
pag-e to women's activities, and one to the U. S. Food Admin- 
istration. The Wisconsin casualty list was published in For- 
ward before any other State Council bulletin had undertaken 
this work. 

At the time of its discontinuance, December 19, 1918, Forward 
was being: mailed free to more than 14,000 w^ar workers in the 
state. The mailing list had grown steadily as the influence of 
the Coimcils of Defense spread. Copies w^ere also sent to all 
public libraries, county clerks, officers of state, and other State 
Councils of Defense. K gross total of 559,750 copies of Forward 
was printed at a cost, including Editor's salary, printing and 
paper, postage, envelopes, and mailing, of less than two cents 
per copy. 

M. Recruiting 

The Committee on Recruiting printed and distributed the 
Governor's proclamation declaring the first Registration Day 
to be ''Duty Day" and sponsored public celebrations in honor 
of that historic occasion. It aided in the organization and di- 
rection of the first registration and cooperated with the Draft 
Administration in later registrations. On each day Wisconsin 
was among the first three states to report a complete registra- 
tion. 

This committee aided in bringing the old National Guard 
regiments to war strength and assisted in every recruiting cam- 
paign put on by the United States Army and Navy. 

N. Soldier Pal 

On July 14, 1917, a committee of Madison business men pre- 
sented to the State Council a plan called the ' ' Soldier Pal Move- 
ment" which had as its object the pledging of some one at home 
to act as "pal" to every man in the service. The Council im- 
mediately adopted the plan and appointed a State Committee to 
supervise its execution. County committees were organized in 
practically every county. This or a similar plan was later 
adopted by many other states. 

0. Speakers 

Through the cooperation of the University Extension Divi- 
sion a Speakers' Bureau was maintained by the State Council 
of Defense to aid in securing speakers for all war topics on 
demand. 

35 



A list of speakers covering the entire state was prepared and 
every call was supplied with a speaker located as near as possi- 
ble in order to reduce expenses, all of which were borne by the 
local organization. No speaker was paid any other compensa- 
tion than his traveling expenses. Out-of-state speakers were 
routed by this Bureau. Prof. Max Mej^er of the University of 
Missouri w^as brought into the state for a week of addresses. 
His work was valuable and extremely popular. 

A course of lectures on the organization and work of the 
State Council of Defense was given at the 1917 University Sum- 
mer Session. Patriotic and conservation speakers were fur- 
nished at County Fairs, Farmers' Institutes, School Board Con- 
ventions, and many other ready-made occasions. In the summer 
of 1918 this work was taken over by the Speakers' Bureau of the 
Woman's Committee. 

P. Woman's Committee 

The objects of the Woman's Committee were: (1) to learn 
where and to what extent Avomen were needed in defense work ; 
(2) to coordinate all women's organizations and bring together 
the unorganized women to the end that duplication of effort 
might be avoided; (3) to spread information from the Federal 
Government; and (4) to report the war activities of women to 
the State and National Councils of Defense. 

In order to centralize the work of the Woman's Committee 
an Advisory Board made up of the heads of all statewide 
w^omens' organizations met bi-monthly. From this Board was 
appointed an Executive Committee which met every week to fa- 
cilitate business. The work was standardized through the crea- 
tion of the following departments as demanded for the work 
arose : Americanization, Child Welfare, Food Production and 
Conservation, Health and Recreation, Home and Foreign Relief, 
Information, Nursing, Publicity, Speakers' Bureau, Women in 
Industry, and Woman's Land Army. Thus women carrying on 
one line of work held themselves to that particular line, becom- 
ing thoroughly familiar with their neighborhood and its need of 
the special work they were assigned to do. 

Each county had a Woman's Committee chairman who was a 
member of the County Council of Defense. In thirty-four coun- 
ties the organization was complete, with a working unit in every 
school district. The remaining thirty-seven counties found a 
township and village organization adequate. These school dis- 
trict, village, city, and county units included all departments, 
with an active force of workers including ward, block, and 

36 



district officers, making- a total of 80,000 organized women work- 
ing. Man}' of the counties perfected their own organization 
and others were assisted by the State Chairman or by one of the 
three organizers appointed for that purpose. In those counties 
in which the Woman's Committee was not financed by the 
County Council the expenses were defrayed by individuals. 

The Committee was represented at national meetings of the 
Woman's Committee in Washington, May, 1918, and February, 
1919 ; National Industrial Conference ; National Child Welfare 
and Health Conference, May, 1919 ; and at various district 
conferences in Chicago. 

, Americanization. The work of the Americanization Com- 
mittee was chiefly in the way of inspiration and instruction, 
the distribution of literature, the encouragement of a higher 
type of citizenship, especially in schools, the providing of pub- 
lic speakers, etc. Classes in English for foreign born were 
conducted in the large cities. Pageants, receptions, and nat- 
uralization exercises were conducted for foreign born in several 
counties. Forty-two counties had Americanization chairmen, 
and most of them carried forward the work successfully. 

The location and character of the foreign groups in the state- 
was determined by means of a questionnaire sent to the county 
committees. Although there are foreign colonies all over the 
state, the big Americanization problem centers in the larger 
cities, and here the work was most intensive. Milwaukee 
county alone reported between 38,000 and 50,000 persons who 
do not speak English. 

Child Welfare. Child Welfare Work was the carrying out 
of the Children's Year Campaign, planned by the National 
Children's Bureau, to determine the physical conditions of 
children under six by means of weighing, measuring, and other- 
wise examining. Every county except one was organized to 
carry out this campaign. Although the work was not com- 
pleted, because of conditions which made it undesirable to 
bring children together, 166,000 children were weighed and 
measured at a cost to the state of only $125.00. This num- 
ber is 65^ of the children under six years of age. Wiscon- 
sin thus leads all the states of the Union in the percentage of 
children weighed and measured. For her services the State 
Child Welfare Chairman received a medal and a certificate 
from the National Children's Bureau. 

The greatest results from the Children's Year Campaign were 
the incentive to accurate registration of births and deaths, 
the arousal of interest in the physical welfare of young children, 

37 



and the instructing of parents as to their obligation to provide- 
for them at the age when remedial measures are effective. More 
than that, it has stimulated an interest in clinics and health 
conferences (which have been held in ten counties) and has 
brought home to Health Officers a realizfttion of the fact that 
their greatest service is in prevention, and that preventive work 
must begin early. 

The women all over the state who have been interested in 
Child Welfare work strongly supported the measure passed hy 
the 1919 Legislature appropriating $5,000.00 to the State Board 
of Health for the establishment of a Bureau of Child Hygiene. 

Food Production and Conservation. Upon its organization 
the Food Production and Conservation Committee took over 
the work of the Woman's War Preparedness Committee of the 
University. It later was made a sub-committee of the Commit- 
tee on Agriculture of the State Council with the special purpose 
of preparing- publicity material and teaching canning and 
drying of fruits and vegetables. 

By means of lectures, demonstrations, circulars, bulletins^ 
and special war schools an intensive campaign in food conser- 
vation was conducted by and among the women of the state. 
Special emphasis was placed on canning and drying and the 
use of substitutes for wheat, meat, fat, and sugar. Demonstra- 
tions were given in practically every city and village, and food 
shows were held in the ten largest cities. Food Conservation 
Window Displays were put on in all the principal cities. Classes 
were conducted for hotel and restaurant cooks ; premiums were 
offered for conservation dishes; and contests for food posters 
were conducted in the schools. Canning club classes of vol- 
unteer food workers were organized and given special instruc- 
tion. 

Three national speakers sent by the U. S. Food Administra- 
tion were accompanied by members of the AVoman's Committee 
on a week's speaking tour through the state in February, 1918. 

Health and Recreation. The aim of the Health and Recrea- 
tion Department was to aid the counties in securing permaan- 
ent agencies for the protection of the health of the civilian pop- 
ulation and the development of recreation, especially in the 
rural districts. Committees were organized i n sixty-one 
counties. As the result of a questionnaire it was found that 
actual war community problems in Wisconsin existed in a rela- 
tively few places and should be met locally. 

In cooperation with the State Department of Health and the 

28 



Anti-Tuberculosis Association the first section of a Health and 
Recreation Survey was issued. 

Recreation Institutes were held at La Crosse, Oshkosh, and 
Madison, to train workers to conduct Patriotic Play Week 
celebrations which were later conducted in Appleton, La Cross, 
Two Rivers, Grand Rapids, Green Bay, and Oshkosh. 

Model play grounds were exhibited at the 1918 State Fair and 
at many County Fairs. 

Home and Foreign Relief. The Department of Home and 
Foreign Relief was created in May, 1917, to cooperate with the 
civilian branch of the Red Cross and furnish such other relief 
as might be necessary. 

The Committee secured from the War Department a list of 
places where detachments of soldiers were located to guard 
bridges, buildings, tunnels, etc., and through local patriotic 
«ocities furnished them with "eats" and entertainment. 

Sewing units were promoted all over the state, and a Central 
Depot was established at Madison where the product of these 
units could be assembled, inspected, and shipped. From this 
Depot were shipped 8 tons of clothing for Belgian Relief, 200 
pounds to Fond du Lac Associated Charities, 50 pounds to 
Rhinelander, 75 pounds to Madison, and 6 tons to Red Cross and 
Duryea' Relief. In addition, the Committee furnished 35 tons 
'Of clothing for the victims of the recent forest fire in Minnesota 
and assisted in raising the relief fund paid through the State 
Council. 

Other foreign relief committees promoted are the American 
Pund for French Wounded, American Fund for Devastated 
France, Durj-ea Relief, and Little Bees of Belgium. 

Forty-five comities had Home and Foreign Relief Depart- 
ments, the remaining twenty-six did all relief work through the 
Red Cross. 

Information. The Information Department maintained files, 
properly card-indexed, of reports, bulletins, clippings, biblio- 
graphies, and such printed matter as came through exchange- 
mailing lists; the Woman's Committee News Letter, Official 
Bulletin, Forward and other State Council publications ; and 
clippings pertaining to the activities of women in the counties. 

The Wisconsin Library Commission furnished lists of free 
bulletins for use in the counties ; and through the Library Com- 
mission and the University Extension Division, outlines for 
study clubs and loan package libraries were sent to individuals, 
■especial attention being given to communities where there were 
no libraries. Through the Wisconsin Library School and the 

.39 



traveling' advisors it was possible to keep in touch with the 
librarians, and through a member of the Department of Public 
Instruction many of the teachers and schools were reached. 

Information chairmen in all the counties sent clippings 
and reports concerning local activities. The state committee, 
since its orgranization in January, 1918, sent out 1.800 cir- 
cular letters, 87,000 pieces of printer matter, and answered 
more than 800 letters. 

Publicity. The purpose of the publicity department was to 
keep the work of the Woman's Committee constantly before the 
public, thus awakening a wider interest in it and enlisting the 
support of women in the various measures outlined by the Gov- 
ernment. Through the Publicity Director of the State Council 
of Defense news messages from the AVoman's Committee of the 
Council of National Defense were sent to both daily and weekly- 
papers, and short articles expressly designed for the use of the 
county press were sent direct to county chairmen. A weekly 
news letter of general interest to defense workers was another 
feature of the work. A department in Forward was devoted 
exclusively to the work of the Woman's Committee. 

In the counties many of the Publicity chairmen conducted 
departments in the county newspapers, publishing local as well 
as state and national items of interest to women. 

Speakers. "Patriotism through education" was the slogan 
of the Speaker's Bureau. Its main object was to spread 
quickly and effectively through the state accurate information 
on the war, and thus stimulate all patriotic activities. This was 
done by enrolling 700 speakers, covering every county of the 
state and furnishing them with bibliographies and special litera- 
ture on a list of selected topics ; by encouraging the study and 
practice of public speaking ; by the promotion of community 
singing and patriotic ceremonies and pageants ; and by the sub- 
stitution in schools, clubs, and other study groups of war topics 
for other subjects. To the usual duties of the Speaker's Bureau 
was added the educational propaganda of the National Educa- 
tional Department. Tavo pamphlets were published by the 
Bureau. 

The work of the Speaker's Bureau was carried on through 
County Chairmen in sixty-eight counties. Both men and 
women speakers were enrolled and every demand for a 
speaker was met. In fact, the Bureau took the initiative^ in 
creating the demand. More than 3,700 addresses were given 
under direction of the Bureau, all of them at no other cost than 
traveling expenses, and 30,000 pamphlets were distributed. 

40 



Women in Industry. This conimittee, (•()ni])()sed of repre- 
sentatives of employers and employees, service workers in fac- 
tories, the medical profession, and the public at large, is- 
sued recommendations concerning' the hours and conditions 
affecting women elevator operators, opposed the employment 
of women on street cars at night, advocated a minimum wage for 
women in pea canneries, adopted a set of nationally known 
"standards for Avomen's work," and gathered all possible in- 
formation concerning women in industry. 

The county committees furnished women workers for the pea 
canners and volunteer clerical assistance to the local draft 
boards. A total of 5.202 workers giving 90,811 hours of service 
was re})orted from fifty counties. 

Woman's Land Army. In September a Land Army Encamp- 
ment on the State Fair grounds enrolled eighty-one members. 
These were young women interested in problems relating to 
farm life. Lectures on dairy cattle, swine, chickens, horses, 
etc., by eminent specialists were illustrated by the fine exhibits 
in the State Fair. A tractor was explained and several young 
women learned to run it. The members of the encampment are 
ready to take up Land Army work should it be found expedient. 

General. May, 1917, conducted a state-wide nurses' survey. 

Held state-wide conferences in Madison July 6 and Octo- 
ber 9-10, 1917, March 27-29, 1918, and February 2-3, 1919, and 
district conferences at Oshkosli and La Crosse. 

Had exhibits at 1918 State Fair and at many county Fairs. 

As a result of intensive campaign in July and August, 1918, 
secured 735 girls for Student Nurses' Reserve. 

Sold 8,240 Woman's Committee pins. The official arm band 
signifying 48 hours of volunteer service was worn by 1.851 
women. 

Assisted in Liberty Loan, AVar Savings and Thrift Stamp, 
Red Cross, and L^nited War Fund drives and aided in raising 
Y. W. C. A., Salvation Army, and Armenian and Syrian Relief 
funds. 

Assisted in registering alien women. 

Furnished sugar rationers for Food Administration. 

Provided entertainment for entraining drafted and enlisted 
men. 

Conducted intensive campaign for Fatherless Children of 
France and promoted organization of Society of War Mothers. 

Advocated military rank for nurses in camp and field hos- 
pitals. 

Sought to place county nurse in every county. 

41 



Conducted eampaigii to put a flag ou every school, labor hall, 
and factory. 

Gave organized assistance during influenza epidemic. 

Supported the following bills before the 1919 Legislature : 

285, A, To provide graduate public health nurse in every 
county. 

216, A, To establish and maintain public comfort stations for 
both sexes. 

Appropriations to the State Board of Health for an epidem- 
iologist and for a fight on communicable diseases. 

42 



V. MISCELLANEOUS COUNCIL ACTIVITIES 

The State Council of Defense acted as a clearing house be- 
tween County and Community Councils on the one hand and 
the Council of National Defense and all Federal Departments on 
the other. Its activities have been so numerous and so varied 
that it is impossible within reasonable space limits to notice 
them all. Some idea of the scope of the work handled can be 
gained from the following brief notes which supplement the 
material given under "Major Activities" above. 

Held three conferences of County Council officers in Madi- 
son, on May 22 and October 9 and 10, 1917, and February 14 and 
15,1918. 

Followed the recommendations of the Council of National 
Defense for reduction of deliveries, refusal of returned goods, 
early closing, and the "Cash and Carry" plan. 

August, 1917, began campaign to limit Christmas giving. 

December, 1917, conference with Railroad presidents on ad- 
visability of discontinuing competitive passenger trains. 

Gave publicity to law relating to "Government Allowances" 
and "Allotments of Soldiers' Pay." 

Cooperated with Railroad Commission in providing cars for 
shipment of farm produce. 

Requested County Councils to furnish clerical help to draft 
boards. 

Sent out Resolution of Council of National Defense requesting 
public to discontinue sending foodstuffs to soldiers and sailors 
in camp, in order to safeguard the health of the men and in the 
interests of food conservation. 

After formal hearing of arguments approved "War Chest" 
plan of providing funds for War Relief Organizations but left to 
each County Council the working out of details if it chose to 
adopt the plan. Twenty-five counties maintained war chests. 

Aided wood working industries of Fox River Valley. 

Urged all young women to continue school work during 1918. 

Collected and sent to proper Federal authorities valuable 
pictures, maps, drawings, and descriptions of bridges, buildings, 
cities, and localities in Germany and occupied territor^^ County 
Councils sent much material direct. 

Secured through County Councils list of "Enemy Owned 
Property" within the state and transmitted it to Alien Property 
Custodian. 

43 



County and Community Councils enlisted in publicity cam- 
paign urging' purchasers to hold their Liberty Bonds. 

Maintained supervisory control over solicitation of funds by 
private organizations for war relief. County Councils refused 
to assist in campaign of any organization which had not re- 
ceived endorsement of the State Council. 

Through Forward and weekly bulletins gave publicity to 
names of Wisconsin men listed as deserters or delinquents and 
aided in their apprehension. 

January 2, 1918, requested President and Congress to speed 
work for improvement of conditions in camps and cantonments. 

At the request of the Council of National Defense called a 
conference on March 6, 1918, of representatives of all Federal 
Departments and Administrations doing war work in the state 
for the purpose of "comparing notes" so that the most perfect 
concert of action might be obtained. 

Declared April 6, 1918, "County Council Day" and arranged 
for local celebrations for the opening of the Third Liberty Loan 
Campaign. 

Gave wide publicity to regulations governing Students' Army 
Training Corps. 

Cooperated with the Collector of Internal Revenue in the col- 
lection of Federal Income taxes. 

Assisted the Library Commission in the collection of books 
and magazines for men in service. 

Through County Councils secured binoculars and field glasses 
for Navy. 

Indorsed principle of Universal Military Training. 

Sponsored meetings for drafted men at which addresses were 
given on legal, military, and medical topics, and distributed 
literature on these subjects. 

Secured free war films from Committee on Public Informa- 
tion. These were circuited through County Councils and 
County Fairs by Bureau of Visual Instruction of the I^niversity 
Extension Division. 

Maintained booths at 1917 and 1918 State Fairs and at some 
County Fairs where publicity material was distributed and the 
work of State and County Councils explained. 

Sponsored community Fourth of July celebrations. 

Distributed 16,960 Council of Defense badges to County Coun- 
cil officers and members. 

Supported national movement for Roosevelt Memorial Serv- 
ices, February 9, 1919. 

44 



Distributed Coimeil of National Defense publicity on "Buy 
what you need, and buy it now. ' ' 

Gave publicity to request of Shippinof Board for nation-wide 
comment on future of our merchant marine. 

Assisted State Board of Health in carrying- out provisions of 
Governor's proclamation for "Clean-up Weeks." 

45 



VI. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 

Funds for the use of the State Council of Defense were avail- 
able under three different laws. Chapter 82, Laws of 1917. 
provided for meeting the general administrative expenses out of 
funds set aside for that purpose by the Governor, in amomits of 
not more than .$10,000.00 each. Chapter 356, Laws of 1917. 
carried an appropriation of $15,000.00 for the purpose of train- 
ing civilian Health Aides. Under Chapter 561, Laws of 1917, 
the Governor placed $20,000.00 at the disposal of the Council 
to be used as a revolving fund in the purchase and distribution 
of seen corn. 

The Council of Defense funds were handled in the same man- 
ner as those of other state departments. Vouchers approved by 
the chairman were presented for all expenditures, audited by 
the Secretary of State, and paid by the State Treasurer. Copies 
of all vouchers were filed in the office of the Council, and the 
books were verified and checked each month with those of the 
Secretary of State. 

The total expense of the Wisconsin State Council of Defense, 
although extending over a period of more than twenty-five 
months, is surprisingly low, the cost to the people of the state 
being barely above 2i/2 cents per capita. The financial state- 
ments for each fund, covering the period from April 12, 1917 to 
May 31, 1919, follow. 

46 



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Reconciliations with Secretary of State 

May 31, 1919 

State Secretary 

Council of State 

General Administration — Chapter 82 
Receipts 

Allotment by Governor $75,000.00 $75,000.00 

Credit from sale of service buttons __ 61.26 61.26 

Refunds *153.3fi 



Total receipts t$75,061.26 $75,214.61 

Expenditures 

Total audited expenditures 74,859.66 74,531.97 



Balance May 31, 1919 $201.60 $682.64 

Vouchers drawn but not paid $481.04 



$201.60 $201.60 



"* On the books of the Secretary of State refunds were credited as 
receipts, on those of the State Council they were deducted from the 
original expenditures. 

t In addition to the receipts here credited a total of $5 69.45 was 
received from the sale of service buttons and county record cards 
and as refunds from the U. S. Food Administration and U. S. Public 
Service Reserve. See Detailed statement above. These funds were 
deposited in the General Fund but not credited to the Council. The 
actual cost of the Council to the state is therefore $569.45 less than 
appears in this statement. 

t Payroll vouchers were entered by the Secretary of State as of 
the month following the time for which they were drawn, by the 
State Council as of the same month for which drawn. 

48 



B— Under Chapter 356, Laws of 1917 

Committee on Health Aides 

General Administration $690.50 

Salary of Director $625.81 

Traveling and Field Expenses 41.42 

Postage 4.00 

Telephone and Telegraph .60 

Printing and Publication 1.39 

Sundry Supplies and Expense 17.28 

Milwaukee County Hospital 5,024.21 

Salary of Supervising Nurse 6 2 5.81 

Allowances of Health Aides 1,139.94 

Board, Lodging, and Laundry 3,258.46 

St. Agnes Hospital, Fond du Lac 4,371.02 

Salary of Supervising Nurse 4 50.00 

Allowances of Health Aides 1.079.92 

Board, Lodging, and Laundry 2,841.10 



St. Mary's Hospital, Green Bay 4,090.02 

Salary of Supervising Nurse 450.00 

Allowances of Health Aides 960.00 

Board, Lodging, and Laundry 2,680.02 

Central Nurses' Directory, Milwaukee 18.17 

Printing and Publication 18.17 



Total Expenditures $14,193.92 



SUMMARY 

Appropriated by Legislature $15,000.00 

Total Expenditures 14,193.92 



Balance in fund May 31, 1919 $806.08 

49 



661 

0— Under Chapter ^, Laws of 1917 

Emergency Seed Corn Fund 

Salaries and Wages $l,043.0a 

Traveling and Field Expense 235.27 

Postage 105.75 

Telephone and Telegraph 357. 9» 

Express. Freight, and Drayage 19.24 

Advertising — Printing and Publications 56.53 

Seed corn purchases — Sundry Supplies and Expense 17,995.81 

Total Expenditures $19,813.59- 

Received from sale of corn 18,686.04 

Loss in handling corn $1,127.5S 



SUMMARY 

Appropriated to Emergency Fund $20,000.00 

Total Expenditures 19,813.59 



186.41 
Total Receipts 18,686.04 

Balance in fund May 31. 1919 $118,872.45 

50 



• t 



VII. DIRECTORY 



A— Personnel of State Council of Defense Committees 



\V. p. Busse 
F. Cranefield 
A. J. Glover 
W. J. Hansche 
K. L. Hatch 
E. C. Jacobs 
A. L. King 
H. E. Krueger 
Geo. McKerrow 



AGRICULTURE 

G. A. Buckstaff, Chairman 

P. C. Eldredge 

Mrs. H. H. Morgan 

J. M. Reese 

A. T. Van Scoy 

J. R. Wheeler 



Sub-Committees 



R. A. Moore 
C. P. Norgord 
J. O. Parrish 
J. P. Riordan 
H. L. Russell 
C. O. Rusty 
N. J. Swan 



Conservation of Food and Nutrition 

G. A. Buckstaff, Chairman 

Miss E. Conley 

K. L. Hatch 

Mrs. D. O. Kinsman 

Miss A. L. Marlatt 

Mrs. H. H. Morgan 



Marketing 

C. P. Norgord, Chairman 

Chas. Blodgett 

T. F. Daly 

P. C. Eldredge 

B. H. Hibbard 

A. T. Van Scoy 



Conservation of Fuel, Fertilizers, etc. 

J. G. D. Mack, Chairman 

C. F. Burgess 

Ben Faast 

C. P. Winslow 



AMERICANIZATION 

J. G. D. Mack, Chairman 

AUDITING 

W. S. Heddles, Chairman 
F. Brockhausen 
Dr. J. S. Evans 
J. G. D. Mack 
J. R. Wheeler 



A. B. Cook 
H. L. Geisse 



CAPITAL ISSUES 

J. G. D. Mack, Chairman 
J. R. Wheeler 



51 



W. H. Graebner 
A. R. Hirst 



J. A. Craig 
C. A. Johnson 



EMERGENCY EMPLOYMENT 

J. G. D. Mack, Chairman 
F. Brockhausen 
Mrs. H. H. Morgan 



C. P. Norgord 
H. L. Russell 



EXECUTIVE 

W. S. Heddles, Chairman 
Dr. J. S. Evans 
J. G. D. Mack 
J. M. Reese 



EXPLOSIVES 







J. 


G. 


D. 


Mack 


, Chairman 










J. 


S. 


Guidice, 


Federal 


Explosives 


Director 




F. 


T. 


Beers 












Victor Lehner 


J. 


E. 


Florin 












Fred Mil mm 


E. 


, G. 


. Frazier 












H. D. 


. Plimptoi 


J. 


T. 


Janssen 












S. J. 


Williams 


E. 


R. 


Jones 

















FINANCE 

J. R. Wheeler, Chairman 
G. A. Buckstaff 
J. M. Reese 



F. A. Cannon 



HIGHWAYS TRANSPORT 

J. G. D. Mack 



A. R. Hirst 



M. M. Quaife 
W. W. Bartlett 
C. R. Fish 
J. H. A. Lacher 



HISTORY 

W. S. Heddles, Chairman 



W. N. Parker 
A. H. Sanford 
Capt. H. A. Whipple 
A. O. Barton 



LABOR 

F. Brockhausen, Chairman 
J. G. D. Mack 
A. T. Van Scoy 



Spencer Haven 
Walter Owen 



LEGAL 

W. S. Heddles, Chairman 



J. B. Sanborn 



LIBERTY MUSIC 

W. S. Heddles, Chairman 
E. B. Gordon 

52 



MANUFACTURES 



A. T. Van Scoy, Chairman 
P. C. Eldredge 
F. Brockhausen 



J. G. D. Mack 
J. R. Wheeler 
M. J. Cleary 



MEDICAL. PREPAREDNESS 

Dr. J. S. Evans, Chairman 
J. G. D. Mack 
Mrs. H. H. Morgan 



Sub-Committees 



Central Nurses' Bureau 

Dr. J. S. Evans, Chairman 
Mrs. L. A. Moore, Sec'y 

Health Aides 

Dr. L. M. Warfield, Chairman 
Mrs. M. Bradshaw 
Miss S. Mathews 



Council of National Defense 
Medical Section 

Dr. J. S. Evans, Chairman 

R. Sleystery, Sec'y 

H. E. Dearholt, Asst. Sec'y 

C. R. Bardeen 

G. V. I. Brown 

F. G. Connell 
J. M. Dodd 

G. A. Harlow 
C. A. Harper 
R. H. Jackson 
L. F. Jermain 
W. T. Sarles 
C. H. Stoddard 
C. H. Vilas 

G. X. Windesheim 



MILITARY SURVEY 

J. G. D. Mack, Chairman 
A. R. Hirst 

MINERAL RESOURCES 

W. S. Heddles, Chairman 

W. O. Hotchkiss 

C. J. Leith 

C. R. Van Hise 



MOBILIZATION 

Orlando Holway, Chairman 
E. A. Fitzpatrick 



NON-WAR CONSTRUCTION 

J. G. D. Mack, Chairman 
J. R. Law, Secretary 
W. S. Heddles 
T. C. McCarthy 

53 



J. E. Doyle 
J. Q. Grabill 



ORGANIZATION 

W. S. Heddles, Chairman 
G. A. BuckstafE 
J. G. D. Mack 
J. M. Reese 
J. R. Wheeler 



PATRIOTIC AND RECRUITING 



Reid Murray 



F. A. Baxter 
W. P. Bloodgood 
Mrs. G. A. Buckstaff 
T. Burke 
P. E. Butcher 
E. E. Garrison 
Frank Hixon 
Frank Hughes 
Mrs. J. P. Hume 
T. Kingston 



W. F. Dunlap 
E. H. Gardner 
A. W. Hopkins 



Orlando Holway, Chairman 



PUBLICITY 

J. M. Reese, Chairman 
J. G. D. Mack 
J. R. Wheeler 



W. Koehler 
A. L. Kruetzer 
Mrs. J. W. Mariner 
F. W. Oakley 
O. L. Rosenkranz 
W. M. Spooner 
Roy Wilcox 
A. H. Wilkinson 
Voyta Wrabetz 
W. H. Zuelke 



G. M. Hyde 
R. B. Pixley 



RECONSTRUCTION 

Dr. J. S. Evans, Chairman 
J. G. D. Mack 



Mrs. J. W. Hobbins 



RED CROSS AND RELIEF 

Mrs. H. H. Morgan, Chairman 
Dr. J. S. Evans 
Orlando Holway 



S. M. McFedries 



G. C. Comstock 
J. A. E. Eyster 
E. B. Hart 



H. C. Bradley 
R. L. Jones 



SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 

W. S. Heddles, Chairman 



SOLDIER PAL 

J. G. D. Mack, Chairman 



C. S. Slichter 
C. "R. Van Hise 



C. L. McMillen 
H. J. Thorkelson 



R. B. Duncan 
W. H. Kiekhofer 



SPEAKERS 

W. S. Heddles, Chairman 



W. H. Lighty 
Miss Juliet Thorpe 



54 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 



P. C. Eldredge, Chairman 
Orlando Holway 



J. G. D. Mack 
A. R. Hirst 



WOMAN'S ORGANIZATIONS 



Mrs. H. H. Morgan, Chairman 
Mrs. B. Burrowbridge 
Mrs. W. E. Fitzgerald 
Mrs. J. S. Foley 
Mrs. M. F. Grimshaw 
Mrs. E. Hammett 
Mrs. L. D. Harvey 
Mrs. J. W. Hobbins 



Mrs. J. P. Hume 
Mrs. W. A. Lawson 
Mrs. J. H. Lund 
Mrs. J. W. Mariner 
Miss E. Regan 
Mrs. O. L. Robinson 
Mrs. M. B. Rosenberry 
Mrs. C. M. Towne 



Sub-Committee Chairmen 

Americanization 

Mrs. H. M. Youmans 

Child Welfare 
Mrs. E. E. Hoyt 

Food Conservation 
Miss A. L. Marlatt 

Health and Recreation 
Mrs. E. F. Bickel 

Home and Foi'eign Relief 

Mrs. E. L. Maloney 
Home Work 

Mrs. J. Schumacher 



Information 

Miss Mary Oakley 

Publicity 
Mrs. C. F. Burgess 
Speakers Bureau 
Miss Juliet Thorpe 
Women in Industry 
Mrs. Wm. Kittle 
Woman's Land Army 
Mrs. N. K. Jones 



55 



B — Executive Officers of County Councils of Defense 

County Name Address 

Adams John W. Purves, Chm. Friendship 

Chas. W. Oilman, Sec'y Friendship 

Ashland Carl A. Rudquist. Chm. Ashland 

Ralph F. Brown, Sec'y Ashland 

Barron R. B. Hart, Chm. Cumberland 

T. T. Hazelberg, Sec'y Barron 

Bayfield D. M. Maxcy, Chm. Washburn 

Nels M. Oscar, Sec'y Washburn 

Brown John A. Kittell, Chm. __, Oreen Bay 

F. B. Desnoyers, Sec'y Green Bay 

Buffalo Charles W. Oilman, Chm. Mondovi 

Edwin F. Ganz, Chm. Alma 

Peter H. Urness, Sec'y Mondovi 

Theo. Buehler, Jr., Sec'y Alma 

Burnett Hon. A. P. Nelson, Chm. Grantsburg 

Harry E. Krug, Chm. Webster 

Paul C. Meier, Sec'y Webster 

J. E. Spangberg, Sec'y Siren 

Calumet Alfred T. Hipke, Chm. New Holstein 

Wm. N. Knauf, Chm. Chilton 

Leo P. Fox, Sec'y Chilton 

A. C. Kingston, Sec'y Chilton 

Chippewa L. M. Newman, dim. Chippewa Falls 

Wm. E. DeKelver, Chm. Chippewa Falls 

G. O. Banting, Sec'y Chippewa Falls 

e. L. Ainsworth, Sec'y Chippewa Falls 

Clark Wm. A. Campman, Chm. Neillsville 

Alfred L. Devos, Sec'y Neillsville 

Columbia H. E. Andrews, Chm. Portage 

T. H. Cochrane, Chm. Portage 

Chas. Caldwell, Chm. Rio 

C. H. Hall, Sec'y Portage 

E. C. Jones, Sec'y Portage 

Rev. E. G. Sanderson, Sec'y Fall River 

Crawford O. P. Vaughan, Chm. Wauzeka 

Eugene C. Amann, Sec'y Prairie du Chien 

Dane John S. Donald. Chm. Mt. Horeb 

W. N. Parker, Sec'y Madison 

G. W. Gehrand, Sec'y Madison 

Dodge Wm. H. Sherman, Chm. Beaver Dam 

John Clifford, Sec'y Juneau 

Door H. C. Scofield, Chm Sturgeon Bay 

Ralph Herlach, Sec'y Sturgeon Bay 

56 



Douglas Solon L. Perrin, Clirn. Superior 

John P. O'Connor, Sec'y Superior 

Dunn L. D. Harvey, Chm. Menomonie 

H. F. Good, Sec'y Menomonie 

R. E. Bundy, Sec'y Menomonie 

Eau Claire Geo. B. Wheeler, Pres. Eau Claire 

O. G. Brice, Chm. Exec. Com Eau Claire 

F. W. Thomas, Sec'y Eau Claire 

Florence Max Sells, Chm. Florence 

Jas. J. Pontbriand, Sec'y Florence 

Chas. R. Tideman, Sec'y Florence 

Fond du Lac H. E. Swett, Chm. Fond du Lac 

Frank J. AVolff, Chm. Fond du Lac 

F. A. Foster, Sec'y Fond du Lac 

F. W. Chadbourne, Sec'y Fond du Lac 

Forest H. A. Fry, Chm. Hiles 

Dr. R. S. Elliot, Chm. Laona 

H. P. Keith, Chm. Crandon 

John Swenehart, Sec'y Madison 

S. J. Conway, Sec'y Crandon 

Grant Harry E. Carthew, Chm. Lancaster 

E. B. Goodsell, Sec'y Lancaster 

Green H. W. Chadwick, Chm. Monroe 

P. F. Neverman, Chm. Monroe 

C. A. Roderick, Sec'y Monroe 

Green Lake John J. Wood, Jr., Chm. Berlin 

G. A. Weinkauf, Sec'y Green Lake 

Iowa J. B. Eagan, Chm. Avoca 

J. A. Van Natta, Sec'y Dodgeville 

R. E. Gribble, Sec'y Dodgeville 

Iron Geo. C. Foster, Chm. Hurley 

E. S. Hagen, Sec'y Hurley 

Jackson B. L. Van Gorden, Chm. Taylor 

Samuel Lund, Sec'y Black River Falls 

Jefferson W. D. James, Chm. Ft. Atkinson 

A. L. Stengel, Sec'y Ft. Atkinson 

D. Q. Grabill, Sec'y Ft. Atkinson 

Juneau G. H. Livernash, Chm. Necedah 

J. T. Hanson, Sec'y Mauston 

Kenosha Edward J. Sullivan, Chm. Kenosha 

Cathie C. McNamara, Sec'y Kenosha 

Kewaunee A. B. Leyse, Chm. Kewaunee 

C. L. Duvall, Sec'y Kewaunee 

Frank Hamachek, Jr., Sec'y Kewaunee 

La Crosse J. E. McConnell, Chm. La Crosse 

James R. Kinsloe, Sec'y La Crosse 

Lafayette Dr. C. C. Gratiot, Pres. Shullsburg 

J. G. Monahan, Sec'y Darlington 

57 



Langlade F. Freiburger, Chm. Antigo 

C. J. TeSelle, Sec'y Antigo 

Lincoln F. E. Donoghue, Chm. Merrill 

Joe A. Chilsen, Chm. Merrill 

Joe A. Chilsen, Sec'y Merrill 

Herman Walther, Sec'y Merrill 

Manitowoc R. C. Douglas, Chm. Manitowoc 

George Vits, Chm. Manitowoc 

Harry F. Kelly, Sec'y Manitowoc 

H. G. Kress, Sec'y Manitowoc 

Marathon C. B. Bird, Chm. Wausau 

E. B. Thayer, Sec'y Wausau 

H. E. Marquardt, Sec'y Wausau 

Marinette J. F. Wittig, Chm. Marinette 

Ralph Skidmore, Chm. Marinette 

H. C. Baker, Sec'y Marinette 

G. H. Landgraf, Sec'y Marinette 

Marquette B. Houslet, Chm. Oxford 

M. M. Smart, Chm. Montello 

Chas. Barry, Sec'y Montello 

Chas. Butler, Sec'y Montello 

A. H. Wetlaufer, Sec'y Montello 

Milwaukee D. W. Hoan, Chm. Milwaukee 

Chas. Allis, Chm. Milwaukee 

E. E. White, Chm. Milwaukee 

Aug. H. Voge!, Acting Chm. Milwaukee 

Willits Pollock, Ssc'y Milwaukee 

Monroe W. H. Hanchett, Chm. Sparta 

H. W. Jefferson, Sec'y Sparta 

H. J. Masters, Sec'y Sparta 

Oconto John B. Chase, Chm. Oconto 

Eldon Witter, Sec'y Oconto Falls 

Oneida Ira E. Smith, Chm. Rhinelander 

Charles F. Smith, Chm. Rhinelander 

A. J. O'Melia, Sec'y Rhinelander 

Outagamie Gustave Kellar, Chm. Appleton 

Wm. H. Zuehlke, Sec'y Appleton 

Ozaukee Harry W. Bolens, Chm. Port Washington 

Geo. H. Adam, Sec'y Port Washington 

Mrs. Walter Erler, Sec'y Port Washington 

Pepin Marcell Dorwin. Chm. Durand 

Dr. C. C. Clemens, Sec'y Durand 

Pierce Warren P. Knowles, Chm. River Falls 

J. M. May, Sec'y River Falls 

Polk George A. Nelsbn, Chm. Milltown 

Harry D. Baker, Sec'y St. Croix Falls 

Portage G. L. Park, Chm. Stevens Point 

A. E. Bourn, Sec'y Stevens Point 

58 



Price Michael Barry, Clirn. Phillips 

L. P. Goodrich, Sec'y Ripon 

W. H. Lippel, Sec'y Phillips 

Racine Wm. Mitchell Lewis, Chm. Racine 

F. Lee Norton, Chm. Racine 

Minnie I. Queckenstedt, Sec'y__ Racine 

Richland C. B. Thompson, Chm. Richland Center 

F. L. Brewer, Sec'y Richland Center 

Rock Simon Smith, Chm. Beloit 

M. P. Richardson, Chm. Janesville 

Howard Lee, Sec'y Janesville 

C. J. Smith, Sec'y Janesville 

Rusk J. C. Stubbs, Chm. Weyerhauser 

F. E. Munroe, Sec'y Ladysmith 

J. W. Carow, Sec'y Ladysmith 

St. Croix Richard Baker, Chm. Boardman 

Hakkon S. Offerdahl, Sec'y Hudson 

Sauk Chas. A. Clark, Chm. Reedsburg 

Albert H. Clark, Sec'y Baraboo 

Sawyer Henry B. Rohlf, Chm. Hayward 

John Berger, Sec'y Hayward 

Shawano Herman Rafoth, Chm. Shawano 

R. A. Upham, Chm. Shawano 

J. E. Scanlon, Sec'y Shawano 

Sheboygan Thos. McNeil, Chm. Sheboygan 

A. L. Sommers, Sec'y Sheboygan 

Trempealeau F. M. Symonds, Chm. Galesville 

E. E. Barlow, Sec'y Arcadia 

Taylor Jos. Brehm, Chm. Rib Lake 

F. G. Pierce, Chm. Medford 

Jas. E. Phillips, Sec'y Medford 

T. W. Andresen, Sec'y Medford 

Vernon C. V. Porter, Chm. Viroqua 

A. H. Dahl, Chm. Westby 

F. W. Alexander, Sec'y Viroqua 

H. P. Proctor, Jr., Sec'y Viroqua 

Vilas Dr. Jno. B. Powell, Chm. Eagle River 

G. E. O'Connor, Chm. Ex. Com. Eagle River 
Chas. H. Adams, Sec'y Eagle River 

Walworth Hon. J. F. Lyon, Chm. Elkhorn 

Grant D. Harrington, Sec'y Elkhorn 

L. L. Oldham, Sec'y Elkhorn 

Washburn O. K. Kjorstad, Chm. Nobleton 

Frank A. Keeler, Sec'y Shell Lake 

Washington H. J. G. Lieven, Chm. Hartford 

D. E. McLane, Sec'y West Bend 

Geo. H. Scljmidt, Sec'y Kewaskum 

59 



Waukesha Howard T. Greene, Chm. Genesee Depot 

Burton M. Smith, Chm. North Lake 

Carl H. Sawyer, Sec'y Waukesha 

Waupaca George H. Dobbins, Chm. Fremont 

John F. Jardine, Chm. Waupaca 

R. C. Bigford, Sec'y Manawa 

L. D. Smith, Sec'y Waupaca 

Waushara E. F. Kileen, Chm. Wautoma 

F. S. Durham, Sec'y Wautoma 

Ward B. Stilwell, Sec'y Wautoma 

Winnebago John C. Thompson, Chm. Oshkosh 

E. R. Williams, Sec'y Oshkosh 

Wood W. D. Connor, Chm. Marshfield 

C. E. Briere, Sec'y Grand Rapids 

(Grand Rapids Division) 

I. P. Tiffault, Sec'y Marshfield 

(Marshfield Division) 

Geo. Brown, Chm. Pittsville 

(Pittsville Division) 

GO 



C — Chairmen of Woman's Committees of County Councils of 

Defense 

County Name Address 

Adams Mrs. J. B. Pierce Friendship 

Miss Hanna Poppe Priendsliip 

Ashland Mrs. W. J. Hodgkins Ashland 

Mrs. Geo. A. Sparling Ashland 

Barron Mrs. J. E. Bowen Barron 

Mrs. E. C. McClelland Rice Lake 

Mrs. E. M. Burnstad Chetek 

Mrs. F. W. Miller Cumberland 

Bayfield Mrs. E. C. Alvord Washburn 

Mrs. A. H. Wilkinson Bayfield 

Brown Mrs. W. P. Wagner Green Bay 

Mrs. S. D. Hastings Green Bay 

Buffalo Mrs. M. C. Fisher Mondovi 

Burnett Mrs. Alice Anderson Grantsburg 

Calumet Mrs. W. S. Lloyd Chilton 

Chippewa Mrs. Edward Porter Cornell 

Clark Mrs. L. H. Howard Neillsville 

Columbia Mrs. A. H. Whitney Columbus 

Crawford Mrs. Alvin Peterson Soldiers Grove 

Mrs. G. T. Atwood Gays Mills 

Dane Mrs. W. S. Marshall Madison 

Dodge Mrs. A. G. Hill Beaver Dam 

Door Miss Margaret Reynolds Sturgeon Bay 

Mrs. Chas. Sampson Sturgeon Bay 

Douglas Mrs. Philip G. Stratton Superior 

Dunn Mrs. A. Egdahl Menomonie 

Mrs. R. E. Bundy Menomonie 

Mrs. H. C. Inenfeldt Menomonie 

Eau Claire Mrs. A. H. Shoemaker Eau Claire 

Florence Mrs. E. A. Thieman Florence 

Fond dn Lac Miss Frances G. Perkins Fond du Lac 

Forest Mrs. A. L. Mordt Crandon 

Grant Miss Emma Schreiner Lancaster 

Green Mrs. F. B. Luchsinger Monroe 

Gl 



Green Lake Mrs. C. S. Morris Berlin 

Mrs. Ardin Buell Berlin 

Iowa Mrs. John Williams Edmund 

Iron Mrs. Luella Trier Hurley 

Jackson Mrs. L. M. Cumnock Black River Falls 

Jefferson Miss Carrie J. Smith Ft. Atkinson 

Miss Gladys Mollart Watertown 

Juneau Mrs. Brand Starnes Juneau 

Mrs. C. S. Huntley Elroy 

Kenosha Mrs. D. O. Head Kenosha 

Kewaunee Mrs. W. A. Cowell Kewaunee 

La Crosse Mrs. E. C. Thompson La Crosse 

Mrs. E. G. Perkins La Crosse 

Lafayette Mrs. Geo. W. Rass Darlington 

Langlade Mrs. H. V. Mills Antigo 

Mrs. E. A. Morse Antigo 

Lincoln Mrs. L. J. Belott Merrill 

Manitowoc Mrs. F. C. Robinson Manitowoc 

Mrs. Alice Green Manitowoc 

Marathon Mrs. W. H. Nablo Wausau 

Marinette Mrs. Joshua Hodgins Marinette 

Marquette Mrs. Lottie Woodford Westfield 

Milwaukee Mrs. J. W. Mariner Milwaukee 

Monroe Mrs. W. W. Warren (East) Tomah 

Mrs. H. H. Williams (West) Sparta 

Oconto Mrs. J. B. Chase Oconto 

Oneida Mrs. S. S. Miller Rhinelander 

Mrs. R. F. Tompkins Rhinelander 

Outagamie Mrs. Frank Wright Appleton 

Ozaukee Mrs. Julian Zilleir Port Washington 

Pepin Mrs. Harry N. Orlady Durand 

Pierce Mrs. Jessamine B. Costelloe Prescott 

Mrs. O. W. Groot Elmwood 

Polk Mrs. G. Hanson Osceola 

Portage Mrs. D. J. Leahy Stevens Point 

Price Miss Bernice H. Marsh Phillips 

Mrs. Wm. Milne Phillips 

Racine Mrs. John W. Owen Racine 

Mrs. Stuart Webster Racine 

Mrs. R. S. Preble Racine 

Mrs. W. G. Rasch Burlington 

G2 



Richland Mrs. Jno. Kirkpatrick Richland Center 

Mrs. Fred Thomson Richland Center 

Rock Mrs. A. C. Anderson Edgerton 

Miss Ruth Jeffris Janesville 

Mrs. Frank Van Kirk Janesville 

Rusk Mrs. Geo. Manley Ladysmith 

Mrs. Chas. Eisnach Ladysmith 

St. Croix Mrs. H. H. Smith New Richmond 

Mrs. Fred J. Carr Hudson 

Mrs. Andrew Tobin New Richmond 

Sauk Mrs. Frank Avery Baraboo 

Sawyer Mrs. J. S. McGeorge Hayward 

Shawano Mrs. Mary E. Weber Shawano 

Sheboygan Mrs. T. M. Bowler Sheboygan 

Mrs. C. E. Hillyer Sheboygan 

Mrs. Harriet Corbett Plymouth 

Trempealeau Mrs. J. M. Ingalls Whitehall 

Taylor Miss Irene Stone Medford 

Miss Margaret Ryan Medford 

Vernon Mrs. T. O. Mork Viroqua 

Miss Maude Neprud Viroqua 

Vilas Mrs. W. H. Radcliffe Eagle River 

Walworth Miss Helen Martin Elkhorn 

Washburn Miss Laura E. Kellar Shell Lake 

Mrs. John Putz Shell Lake 

Washington Mrs. C. C. Henry West Bend 

Miss Sadie Le Count Hartford 

Waukesha Mrs. M. Kartak Oconomowoc 

Waupaca Mrs. A. R. Lea Waupaca 

Mrs. Elizabeth Bronsom Waupaca 

Waushara Mrs. Fay M. Patterson Wild Rose 

Winnebago Mrs. Edw. R. Smith Oshkosh 

Wood Mrs. Isaac P. Witter Grand Rapids 

Mrs. W. P. Kellog Grand Rapids 

Mrs. J. C. Marsh Marshfield 

63 



D — United States Explosives Administration 

Joseph S. Giudice, Schleisingerville, Federal Explosives Director 

State Advisory (^omiiiittee 

John G. D. Mack, Vice Chairman, Madison 
Sidney J. Williams, Secretary, Madison 
Howard D. Plimpton, Milwaukee 
E. G. Frazier, Milwaukee 
John T. Janssen, Milwaukee 

E. R. Jones, Madison 

Prof. Victor Lenher, Madison 

F. T. Beers, Barksdale 
Fred Mumm, Brillion 
J. E. Florin, Madison 

County ExplosiA'es Directors 

County Name Address 

Adams Frank E. Parks Friendship 

Ashland M. H. Wright Ashland 

Barron J. H. Johnson Cheteh 

Bayfield James M. Long AVashburn 

Brown Thomas Hawley Green Bay 

Buffalo Frank Harry Alma 

Burnett J. A. Moran Webster 

Calumet William Hoeing Brillion 

Chippewa A. C. Mason Chippewa Falls 

Clark E. J. Ketel Neillsville 

Columbia R. G. Stotzer Portage 

Crawford G. J. Lengst Prairie du Chien 

Dane F. W. Huels Madison 

Dodge L. C. Pautsch Juneau 

Door L. J. Meverden Sturgeon Bay 

Douglas w. J. Leader E. End Superior 

Dunn Alfred Thomas Menomonee 

Eau Claire Geo. L. Blum Eau Claire 

Florence Gust. Westin Florence 

Fond du Lac P. A. Dolan Fond du Lac 

Forest L. A. Rogers Nashville 

Grant W. N. Smith Platteville 

Green F. W. Wettengel Monroe 

Green Lake D. C. Williams Green Lake 

Iowa W. B. Peters Dodgeville 

Iron F. M. Duffy Hurley 

Jackson Andrew Nanstad Black River Falls 

Jefferson A. F. Gafke Jefferson 

Juneau R. D. Chamberlain Mauston 

Kenosha R. H. Jones Kenosha 

Kewaunee J. G. Lanzansky Kewaunee 

La Crosse B. C. Smith La Crosse 

Lafayette W. R. Buchan Benton 

Langlade J. W. Parsons Antigo 

Lincoln E. E. Howland Merrill 

Manitowoc Ralph G. Plumb Manitowoc 

Marathon J.Montgomery Wausau 

G4 



Marinette D. H. Smith Marinette 

Marquette H. A. Wetlaufer Montello 

Milwaukee Fred Rogers Milwaukee 

William Thomson Milwaukee 

Monroe Robert Canfield Sparta 

Oconto w. M. Conestock Oconto 

Oneida __ w. D. Juday Rhinelander 

Outagamie C. I. Marston Appleton 

Ozaukee Harry Bolens Port Washington 

Pepin R. p. Nicklas Durand 

Pierce f. G. McGee Ellsworth 

folk N. Sorenson Luck 

Portage a. C. Krembs Stevens Point 

Price w. H. Lippels Phillips 

Racine n. C. Nelson Racine 

Richland Geo. W. Miller Richland Center 

Rock H.W.Lee Janesville 

c."^n H. W. Ture Ladysmith 

bt. Lroix Andrew Hope Hammond 

Sauk F. A. Cooper Baraboo 

Sawyer Lee Swift Hayward 

Shawano w. J. Dolan Shawano 

Sheboygan T. E. Fleischer Sheboygan 

Taylor n. A. Urquhart Medford 

Trempealeau ___ Warner Sconar Galesville 

Vernon Chas. A. Parker Viroqua 

w f -:r ^^''- ^- O'Connor Eagle River 

Walworth T. J. Sleep Elkhorn 

Washburn s. H. Williams Earl 

Washington Joseph S. Giudice Schleisingerville 

Waukesha William Tuohv Eagle 

Waupaca Ward Fallgatter Waupaca 

Waushara Guy Munbrue Wautoma 

Winnebago F. H. Hull Oshkosh 

Wood F. Normington Marshfield 

65 



E — United States Food Administration 

Magnus Swenson, Madison, Federal Food Administrator 
A. H. Melville, Madison, Secretary 

County Food Administrators 

County Name Address 

Adams G. W. Bingham Friendship 

Ashland Walter S. Cate Ashland 

Barron John L. Dahl Rice Lake 

Bayfield John J. Fisher Bayfield 

Brown Frank H. Smith Green Bay 

Buffalo Val Thoeny F'ountain City 

Burnett F. R. Huth Grantsburg 

Calumet Peter Iversen New Holstein 

Chippewa J. A. Brooks Chippewa Falls 

Clark J. E. Ketel Neillsville 

Columbia Geo. Bunsa Columbus 

Crawford A. M. Laird Prairie du Chien 

Dane C. B. Chapman Madison 

Dodge J. W. Deniger Beaver Dam 

Door H. A. Wagener Sturgeon Bay 

Douglas F. B. Jerrard Superior 

Dunn Alfred Thomas Menomonie 

Eau Claire D. R. Moon Eau Claire 

Florence Oscar Soderberg Florence 

Fond du Lac W. P. Leek Fond du Lac 

Forest H.P.Keith Crandon 

Grant Len Stauffacher Fennimore 

Green F. W. Wettengel Monroe 

Green Lake D. C. Williams Green Lake 

Iowa John M. Reese Dodgeville 

Iron P- J- Lanzer Hurley 

Jackson Freeman B. Dell Black River Falls 

Jefferson Fred Prentiss Watertown 

Juneau R- D. Chamberlain Mauston 

Kenosha H. L. Bullamore Kenosha 

Kewaunee Jas. H. McGowan Algoma 

La Crosse G. Van Steenwyk La Crosse 

Lafayette Chas. F. Palmer Darlington 

Langlade Mose Jansen Antigo 

Lincoln Fred Heinemann Merrill 

Manitowoc Henry Mulholland Manitowoc 

Marathon W. R. Chellis Wausau 

Marinette Dan Madagin Marinette 

Marquette G. L. French Montello 

Milwaukee A. T. Van Scoy Milwaukee, 

Monroe Myron Bracket Sparta 

Oconto Harry Serier Suring 

Oneida D. F. Recker Rhinelander 

Outagamie Theodore Sanders Appleton 

Ozaukee W. H. Ramsey Port Washington 

Pepin George Kees Durand 

Portage J. M. Pfiffner Stevens Point 

Pierce W. G. Haddow Ellsworth 

66 



Polk Dr. L. A. Campbell Clear Lake 

Price F. H. Sargent Phillips 

Racine W. T. Harvey Racine 

Richland G. E. Gillingham Richland Center 

Rock Fred L. demons Janesville 

Rusk Glen H. Williams Ladysmith 

St. Croix S. Swenumson Baldwin 

Sauk H. L. Halsted Baraboo 

Sawyer H. Sabin Hayward 

Shawano H. B. Richmond Shawano 

Sheboygan Emil Clarenbach Sheboygan 

Trempealeau A. E. Whitney Medford 

Taylor Frank George Whitehall 

Vernon Gus. A. Monerud Westby 

Vilas Amos Radcliffe Eagle River 

Walworth L. L, Oldham Elkhorn 

Washburn A. J. Donnelly Shell Lake 

Washington Henry Rolfs, Sr. West Bend 

Waukesha Roy T. Benjamin Waukesha 

Waupaca Llewellyn Cole Clintonville 

Waushara G. E. Dafoe Wautoma 

Winnebago Geo. A. Buckstaff Marshfield 

Wood E. C. Pors Oshkosh 

67 



F — United States Fuel Administration 

W. N. Fitzgerald, Milwaukee, Federal Fuel Administrator 

State Advisory Coininittee 

George A. Buckstaff, Oshkosh 
Stephen W. Oilman, Madison 
Fred W. Rogers, Milwaukee 

County Fuel Administrators 

County Name Address 

Adams C. B. Meteyard Friendship 

Ashland A. J. Kull Ashland 

Barron T. T. Hazelberg Barron 

Bayfield D. M. Maxey Washburn 

Brown John A. Kittell Green Bay 

Buffalo A. L. O'Mera Mondovi 

Burnett James Jensen Grantsburg 

Calumet Leo P. Fox Chilton 

Chippewa L. M. Newman Chippewa Falls 

Clark William L. Smith Neillsville 

Columbia F. L. Van Epps Portage 

Crawford O. P. Vaughn Wauzeka 

Dane 1 George E. Gary Madison 

Dodge A. B. Chandler Beaven Dam 

Door Frank Graas Sturgeon Bay 

Douglas P- G. Stratton Superior 

Dunn E. O. Wright Menomonie 

Eau Claire John G. Owen Eau Claire 

Florence Max Sells Florence 

Fond du Lac E. H. Lyons Ripon 

Forest John Swenehart Crandon 

L. A. Rogers Crandon 

Grant H. E. Schreiner Lancaster 

Qreen R- D. Gorham Monroe 

P. J. Weirich Monroe 

F. J. Bolender Monroe 

Green Lake W. J. Patton Berlin 

Iowa J- B. Eagan Aurora 

J. H. Ford Dodgeville 

Iron J- A. Slender Hurley 

Jackson B. L. Van Gordon Taylor 

Jefferson G. J. Kispert Jefferson 

Juneau J- T. Hanson Mauston 

Kenosha Walter M. Burke Kenosha 

Dr. George L. Ross Kenosha 

Kewaunee C. W. Andre Kewaunee 

La Crosse D. W. MacWillie La Crosse 

Lafayette Thomas Kirwin Darlington 

Langlade R. Koebke Antigo 

Lincoln Geo. A. Schroeder Merrill 

Manitowoc Thomas Higgins Manitowoc 

Henry Vits Manitowoc 

John Miller Manitowoc 

William Rahr, Jr. Manitowoc 

68 



Marathon E. A. Dunn Wausau 

Herman Marquardt Wausau 

Marinette W. E. Morton Marinette 

S. R. Brough Marinette 

Howard I. Wood Marinette 

Marquette Charles Barry Montello 

Milwaukee John C. Post Milwaukee 

James A. Hannan Milwaukee 

Monroe T. P. Abel Sparta 

Oconto William Comstock Oconto 

Oneida Albert J. O'Melia Rhinelander 

Outagamie George F. Kull Appleton 

Maj. H. E. Pomeroy Appleton 

Geo. H. Beckley Appleton 

Ozaukee Harry W. Bolens Port Washington 

Pepin W. H. Biles Durand 

Pierce Charles Hanson River Falls 

Polk C. B. Casperson Luck 

Portage W. E. Fisher Stevens Point 

Price Michael Barry Phillips 

Racine F. Lee Norton Racine- 
Richland George Miller Richland Center 

Rock Jesse Earle Janesville 

A. J. Raubenheimer Beloit 

Rusk L. E. McGill Ladysmith 

St. Croix Spencer Haven Hudson 

James H. Walker Hudson 

Sauk W. E. Beringer Baraboo 

Sawyer C. P. West Hayward 

Shawano J. E. Scanlon Shawano 

Sheboygan A. L. Sommers Sheboygan 

Taylor H. M. Koehler Medford 

Trempealeau Richard Holtan Whitehall 

Vernon O. G. Munson Viroqua 

Vilas O. H. Wiegand Eagle River 

Walworth Riley S. Young Darien 

Hon. O. R. Rice Delavan 

Washburn Frank Hammill Spooner 

Washington Henry Lieven Hartford 

Waukesha Howard T. Greene Genesee Depot 

T. J. Hughes Wales 

Waupaca L. D. Smith Waupaca 

Waushara F.M.Clark Wild Rose 

Winnebago Edward Nielson Oshkosh 

I. S. MacNichol Oshkosh 

Wood Robert Nash Grand Rapids 

69 



Gr — War Savings Organization 

J. H. Puelicher, Milwaukee, Federal War Savings Director 

State Advisory Committee 

Emanuel Philipp, Governor 

Henry Johnson, State Treasurer 

A. E. Kuolt, Commissioner of Banking 

August H. Vogel, Federal Reserve Bank Director 

S. G. Messmer, Archbishop 

Chas. R. Van Hise, President of the University 

Wm. M. Post, President Wisconsin Bankers' Association 

Magnus Swenson, State Council of Defense 

Judson Rosebush, Wisconsin Loyalty Legion 

Mrs. H. H. Morgan, Women's Organizations 

Fred H. Clausen, Wisconsin Manufacturers Association 

Wm. L. Davidson, Boy Scout Organization 

State Executive Committee 

Robert W. Baird Geo. B. McKerrow 

Geo. D. Bartlett Robert N. McMynn 

Dr. Chas. H. Beale Fred J. Schroeder 

C. P. Gary F. B. Schutz 

Joseph M. Crowley H. O. Seymour 

Albert Friedman M. I. Stevens 

A. C. Grant A. T. Van Scoy 

J. J. Handley Fred Vogel, Jr. 

E. J. Kearney Herman Wagner 

Mrs. John W. Mariner Dr. Karol Wagner 

County Chairmen 

County Name Address 

Adams Chas. H. Oilman Adams 

Ashland Carl Rudquist Ashland 

Barron Laurence S. Coe Rice Lake 

Bayfield F. W. Downs Washburn 

Brown Mitchell Joannes Green Bay 

Buffalo D. A. Whelan Mondovi 

Burnett James A. Corcoran Webster 

Calumet Wm. N. Knauf Chilton 

Chippewa T. J. Cunningham Chippewa Falls 

Clark W. L. Smith Neillsville 

Columbia A. M. Bellack Columbus 

Crawford E. C. Amann Prairie du Chien 

Dane Fred M. Brown Madison 

Dodge W. H. Sherman Beaver Dam 

Door Henry Fetzer Sturgeon Bay 

Douglas F. A. Russell Superior 

Dunn R. E. Bundy Menomonie 

Eau Claire Geo. B. Wheeler Eau Claire 

Florence Max Sells Florence 

Fond du Lac D. F. Blewett Fond du Lac 

Forest H. E. McGraw Soperton 

Grant O. E. Gray Platteville 

Green C. H. Dietz Monroe 

70 



Green Lake John J. Wood, Jr. Berlin 

Iowa Ernest C. Fiedler Mineral Point 

Iron R. Paul Hurley 

Jackson Frank Johnson Black River Falls 

Jefferson Henry Schempf Ft. Atkinson 

Juneau C. E. Babcock Necedah 

Kenosha C. C. Brown Kenosha 

Kewaunee Edward Seyk Kewaunee 

La Crosse E. S. Hebbard La Crosse 

Lafayette H. W. Burmeister Gratiot 

Langlade J. C. Lewis Antigo 

Lincoln E. E. Donoghue Merrill 

Manitowoc George Vits Manitowoc 

Marathon Harry C. Berger Wausau 

Marinette F. J. Lauerman Marinette 

Marquette Chas. T. Dahlke Neshkoro 

Monroe Fred Gross Sparta 

Oconto W. A. Holt Oconto 

Oneida A. J. O'Melia Rhinelander 

Outagamie Gustave Kellar Appleton 

Ozaukee M. P. Becker Cedarburg 

Pepin Geo. Tarrant ^_ Durand 

Pierce Geo. B. Skogmo River Falls 

Polk Harry D. Baker St. Croix Falls 

Portage Alex Krembs Stevens Point 

Price J. L. Davis Phillips 

Racine Warren J. Davis Racine 

Richland O. D. Black Richland Center 

Rock Malcolm G. Jeffris Janesville 

Rusk W. E. Thompson Ladysmith 

Sauk R. P. Perry Reedsburg 

Sawyer C. E. Wise Hayward 

Shawano Geo. J. Schutz Shawano 

Sheboygan Edw. Hammitt Sheboygan 

St. Croix W. J. Barter Hudson 

Taylor J. W. Benn Medford 

Trempealeau O. B. Strouse Arcadia 

Vernon W. F. Lindemann Viroqua 

Vilas Amos Radcliffe Eagle River 

Walworth T. M. Blackman Whitewater 

Washburn J. M. Smith Shell Lake 

Washington Edw. Russel Hartford 

Waukesha E. R. Estberg Waukesha 

Waupaca Wm. Dressen Waupaca 

Waushara G. D. Sargent Plainfield 

Winnebago W. J. Wagstaff Oshkosh 

Wood L. M. Nash Grand Rapids 

71 



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